mortality/aging
• homozygotes die around implantation
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embryo
• a 3-fold increase in cell death is seen in the inner cell mass at E4.5
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• an 8-fold increase in cell death is seen in the trophoectoderm at E4.5
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• at E4.5 embryos are still in the zona pellucida
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• at E4.5, little or no blastocoelic cavity is seen
• the blastocoel is initially formed but collapses
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• after 72 hours in culture (starting at the 8-cell stage) trophoectodermal cells appear rounded and non-epithelial
• tight and adherens junctions appear abnormal at the late blastocyst stage and it appears that the polarity and integrity of the trophoectoderm are not maintained
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• trophoblast giant cells are not formed and trophoblast stem cell lines can not be established
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• trophoblast differentiation is impaired beyond the expanded blastocyst stage
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cellular
• a 3-fold increase in cell death is seen in the inner cell mass at E4.5
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• an 8-fold increase in cell death is seen in the trophoectoderm at E4.5
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