cellular
• aberrant DNA retention in papillae of the tongue, epithelium of the esophagus, tail scales, hair and nails
• in nails 2000X more nuclear DNA and 30X more mtDNA is present than in controls
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integument
• abnormal hair corneocyte morphology
• packing of keratin filaments is disturbed
• hair breaks down under mechanical stress into smaller fragments than does wild type hair
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• 2000X more nuclear DNA and 30X more mtDNA is present than in controls
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