Analysis Tools
skeleton
 |
• long bone osteoblasts exhibit an increased expression of inflammatory cytokines during osteoblast differentiation
|
|
• osteoclast number is increased in lumbar vertebral bodies and tibiae and osteoclast-covered surface of lumbar vertebral bodies and tibiae is increased in males
• osteoclast surface per bone surface and osteoclast number per bone perimeter is increased in vertebral bodies of females
• however, no differences in osteoblast-covered surface or number are seen
|
|
• femurs exhibit a smaller midshaft diameter
|
 |
• tibia show decreased midshaft diameter
|
|
• decrease in trabecular bone volume in femurs and lumbar spine of males
• decrease in trabecular bone volume in lumbar spine of females
|
|
|
• femurs show decreased cortical porosity
|
|
• femurs and tibiae show an increase in cortical thickness
|
|
• decrease in trabecula number in femurs and lumbar spine of males
• decrease in trabecula number in lumbar spine of females
|
|
|
• increase in trabecular separation in femurs and lumbar spine
|
|
|
• decrease in trabecular bone connection density
|
|
• femurs show decreased trabecular mass
|
|
|
• reduction in cortical mineralization of femurs
|
|
• tibial endocortical bone surface shows an increase in endosteal mineralizing surface
|
|
|
• tibial endocortical bone surface shows an increase in endosteal bone formation rate
• however, no differences in periosteal or trabecular bone formation parameters
|
|
|
• the elastic modulus and work to reach ultimate stress levels are lower in femurs, indicating that femurs tolerate higher stress levels and are more elastic/flexible
|
|
|
• two mice exhibit fracture with callus in the tibia
• femurs bear higher stress levels in the three-point bending tests but work-to-fracture is 42% lower
|
cellular
|
|
• long bone osteoblasts exhibit an increased expression of inflammatory cytokines during osteoblast differentiation
|
hematopoietic system
|
• osteoclast number is increased in lumbar vertebral bodies and tibiae and osteoclast-covered surface of lumbar vertebral bodies and tibiae is increased in males
• osteoclast surface per bone surface and osteoclast number per bone perimeter is increased in vertebral bodies of females
• however, no differences in osteoblast-covered surface or number are seen
|
immune system
|
• osteoclast number is increased in lumbar vertebral bodies and tibiae and osteoclast-covered surface of lumbar vertebral bodies and tibiae is increased in males
• osteoclast surface per bone surface and osteoclast number per bone perimeter is increased in vertebral bodies of females
• however, no differences in osteoblast-covered surface or number are seen
|
limbs/digits/tail
|
• femurs and tibiae show an increase in cortical thickness
|
|
• femurs exhibit a smaller midshaft diameter
|
|
|
• tibia show decreased midshaft diameter
|
craniofacial
| N |
• mice exhibit normal calvarial bone thickness and porosity
|
