Analysis Tools
craniofacial
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• at E14.5, E16.5, and E18.5, intramembranous ossification is reduced in the anterior, middle and posterior mandible
• however, no micrognathia is observed
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• at E14.5, E16.5 and E18.5, intramembranous ossification is reduced in the anterior and posterior maxilla
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• at E14.5 and E15.5, cell proliferation is significantly reduced within the anterior and posterior palatal shelves
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• at E14.5, palatal shelves fail to undergo elongation
• at E14.5 and E15.5, cell proliferation is significantly reduced within the anterior and posterior palatal shelves
• vascularization of the palatal shelves is impaired, with reduced vessel formation at E13.5, less vascular channels and decreased vascular branching at E14.5, and markedly reduced PECAM localization within both anterior and posterior palatal shelves at E15.5
• vascular smooth muscle investment of the palatine artery is absent at E14.5 and appears reduced and only seen 50% of the time at E15.5
• apoptosis remains normal during palatogenesis from E12.5 to E15.5
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• at E14.5, E16.5 and E18.5, intramembranous ossification is reduced in the anterior and posterior palatal shelves
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• at E14.5, palatal shelves fail to undergo elongation and elevation above the tongue whereas control shelves have elevated and apposed
• at E15.5, palatal shelves are inconsistently elevated whereas control shelves are undergoing fusion as indicated by dissolution of the medial edge epithelium (MEE)
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• at E12.5 and 13.5, palatal shelf width, defined as the length from the hinge of the palatal shelf to the tip of the medial edge epithelium (MEE), is significantly reduced both anteriorly and posteriorly
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• at E15.5, palatal shelves are hypoplastic
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cardiovascular system
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• at E13.5, E14.5 and E15.5, PECAM immunohistochemistry showed reduced vessel development and branching in both the anterior and posterior palatal shelves
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• vascular smooth muscle investment of the palatine artery is absent at E14.5 and appears reduced and only seen 50% of the time at E15.5
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skeleton
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• at E14.5, E16.5, and E18.5, intramembranous ossification is reduced in the anterior, middle and posterior mandible
• however, no micrognathia is observed
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• at E14.5, E16.5 and E18.5, intramembranous ossification is reduced in the anterior and posterior maxilla
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• at E14.5, mesenchymal condensations within the maxilla ossification centers are reduced in size
• at E16.5, maxillary and palatine bones exhibit less ossification and poor bony ingrowth
• at E18.5, ossification of the maxillary bone is insufficient
• at E14.5, E16.5, and E18.5, ossification is reduced in the anterior, middle and posterior mandible
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• at E14.5, E16.5 and E18.5, intramembranous ossification is reduced in the anterior and posterior palatal shelves
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digestive/alimentary system
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• at E14.5 and E15.5, cell proliferation is significantly reduced within the anterior and posterior palatal shelves
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• at E14.5, palatal shelves fail to undergo elongation
• at E14.5 and E15.5, cell proliferation is significantly reduced within the anterior and posterior palatal shelves
• vascularization of the palatal shelves is impaired, with reduced vessel formation at E13.5, less vascular channels and decreased vascular branching at E14.5, and markedly reduced PECAM localization within both anterior and posterior palatal shelves at E15.5
• vascular smooth muscle investment of the palatine artery is absent at E14.5 and appears reduced and only seen 50% of the time at E15.5
• apoptosis remains normal during palatogenesis from E12.5 to E15.5
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• at E14.5, E16.5 and E18.5, intramembranous ossification is reduced in the anterior and posterior palatal shelves
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• at E14.5, palatal shelves fail to undergo elongation and elevation above the tongue whereas control shelves have elevated and apposed
• at E15.5, palatal shelves are inconsistently elevated whereas control shelves are undergoing fusion as indicated by dissolution of the medial edge epithelium (MEE)
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• at E12.5 and 13.5, palatal shelf width, defined as the length from the hinge of the palatal shelf to the tip of the medial edge epithelium (MEE), is significantly reduced both anteriorly and posteriorly
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• at E15.5, palatal shelves are hypoplastic
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growth/size/body
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• at E14.5 and E15.5, cell proliferation is significantly reduced within the anterior and posterior palatal shelves
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• at E14.5, palatal shelves fail to undergo elongation
• at E14.5 and E15.5, cell proliferation is significantly reduced within the anterior and posterior palatal shelves
• vascularization of the palatal shelves is impaired, with reduced vessel formation at E13.5, less vascular channels and decreased vascular branching at E14.5, and markedly reduced PECAM localization within both anterior and posterior palatal shelves at E15.5
• vascular smooth muscle investment of the palatine artery is absent at E14.5 and appears reduced and only seen 50% of the time at E15.5
• apoptosis remains normal during palatogenesis from E12.5 to E15.5
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• at E14.5, E16.5 and E18.5, intramembranous ossification is reduced in the anterior and posterior palatal shelves
|
|
• at E14.5, palatal shelves fail to undergo elongation and elevation above the tongue whereas control shelves have elevated and apposed
• at E15.5, palatal shelves are inconsistently elevated whereas control shelves are undergoing fusion as indicated by dissolution of the medial edge epithelium (MEE)
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• at E12.5 and 13.5, palatal shelf width, defined as the length from the hinge of the palatal shelf to the tip of the medial edge epithelium (MEE), is significantly reduced both anteriorly and posteriorly
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• at E15.5, palatal shelves are hypoplastic
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