mortality/aging
• most homozygous mice survive less than 1 year
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pigmentation
behavior/neurological
• homozygotes appear slightly uncoordinated and nervous
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• homozygous mothers are unable to raise pups
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growth/size/body
• homozygous mutants average 2/3 the size of wild-type littermates
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reproductive system
• motile sperm with abnormal heads are seen in homozygous males
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• spermiogenesis is normal through meiosis however acrosome formation is defective with many sperm lacking acrosomes found in homozygous males
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• males are completely sterile
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vision/eye
cellular
• motile sperm with abnormal heads are seen in homozygous males
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