Analysis Tools
cellular
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• mutant lactating dams produce zinc-deficient milk that is lethal to all nursing pups; however, mutant pups develop normally is foster-nursed on a wild-type dam
(J:5911)
• i.p. injection of zinc glycinate into nursing pups significantly improves survival, with 70% of pups surviving on lethal milk to 16 days of age with nearly normal body weights; 80% of these survivors display normal pelage
(J:5911)
• i.p. injection of glycine into nursing pups enhances survival by 30% but fails to correct the fur and weight loss phenotypes
(J:5911)
• i.p. injection of copper glycinate fails to ameliorate the adverse effects of toxic milk
(J:5911)
• mutant females produce milk that is lethal to their progeny: offspring appears to swell, shrivel and dry up, joints stiffen, mouths remain open, and death occurs at around 6 to 8 days of age
(J:30724)
• if 5-day old offspring are foster-nursed on wild-type females they do not survive; however, if offspring are fostered at 0 to 2 days of age most survive and reach reproductive maturity
(J:30724)
• if wild-type 5- or 7-day old litters are fostered on mutant females, most pups survive but tend to be smaller at weaning; however, if wild-type newborns are fostered on mutant females, they die at 6-8 days of life
(J:30724)
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mortality/aging
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• pups nursed on lethal milk produced by mutant dams die prior to weaning; however, pups develop normally if fostered on wild-type dams
(J:5911)
• all newborn pups succumb to death after 3 days of nursing on lethal milk, even after subsequent transfer to a wild-type dam; however, mutant pups survive if foster-nursed before 3 days of age to a wild-type dam
(J:5911)
• 40% survive to weaning age
(J:7690)
• lethality of sucklings can be prevented by supplementing drinking water of dams with zinc
(J:7690)
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behavior/neurological
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• pups, if disturbed in the nest, have a propensity to remain on their backs
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• delay in righting response
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• mice are completely disoriented when swimming and maintain an unusual vertical position, keeping the nose barely out of the water
(J:7690)
• mice show variable ability to swim
(J:89392)
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• older mice show a 'tail spinning' behavior when held by the tail
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hearing/vestibular/ear
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• absence of utricular otoconia
(J:7690)
• saccular, but not utricular, otolith defect is alleviated by zinc supplementation of the dam
(J:7690)
• gigantic crystals are seen in the saccule
(J:7690)
• mice show variable losses of saccular otoconia
(J:89392)
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• variable defects in latencies, amplitudes and thresholds of VESPs, dependent on amounts of otoconia present
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• mice with absent otoconia show absent vestibular compound action potentials
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immune system
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• 8-day-old pups nursed on lethal milk show focal acute dermatitis
(J:5911)
• exhibited in mice after 8 months
(J:7690)
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• the mammary glands of mutant lactating dams are generally smaller (and less active) than wild-type
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• mutant females produce milk that is lethal to the offspring at 5-8 days of age; however, the fat and protein components appear to be normal and no differences in fatty acid or in vitamin A and D content are observed
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• mutant lactating dams produce lethal milk that contains 34% less zinc than that of wild-type dams
(J:5911)
• however, copper, calcium, iron, and magnesium levels remain normal
(J:5911)
• dams produce zinc-deficient milk that is lethal to all nursing pups
(J:7690)
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hypolactation
(
J:5911
)
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• mutant dams frequently produce less milk than wild-type dams
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homeostasis/metabolism
| N |
• no aberrant bleeding time after tail vein nick
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• 8-day-old pups suckling on lethal milk show a 34% reduction in whole body zinc concentration; however, no zinc deficiency is observed in the plasma of nursing pups or lactating dams or in adult female carcasses
(J:5911)
• unlike wild-type dams where the zinc concentration in milk is 10-fold higher than that in plasma, mutant dams show only a 3-fold higher concentration in milk, suggesting impaired zinc transport from plasma to milk
(J:5911)
• develop systemic zinc deficiency by 8 months of age
(J:7690)
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• mutant lactating dams produce lethal milk that contains 34% less zinc than that of wild-type dams
(J:5911)
• however, copper, calcium, iron, and magnesium levels remain normal
(J:5911)
• dams produce zinc-deficient milk that is lethal to all nursing pups
(J:7690)
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growth/size/body
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• all pups nursed on lethal milk display stunted growth
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pigmentation
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• portions of the normal black, nonagouti hair often shows a bronzing effect, becoming reddish in patches
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vision/eye
cornea opacity
(
J:7690
)
integument
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• the mammary glands of mutant lactating dams are generally smaller (and less active) than wild-type
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• mutant females produce milk that is lethal to the offspring at 5-8 days of age; however, the fat and protein components appear to be normal and no differences in fatty acid or in vitamin A and D content are observed
|
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• mutant lactating dams produce lethal milk that contains 34% less zinc than that of wild-type dams
(J:5911)
• however, copper, calcium, iron, and magnesium levels remain normal
(J:5911)
• dams produce zinc-deficient milk that is lethal to all nursing pups
(J:7690)
|
hypolactation
(
J:5911
)
|
|
• mutant dams frequently produce less milk than wild-type dams
|
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• 8-day-old pups nursed on lethal milk show focal acute dermatitis
(J:5911)
• exhibited in mice after 8 months
(J:7690)
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• portions of the normal black, nonagouti hair often shows a bronzing effect, becoming reddish in patches
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• all pups nursed on lethal milk exhibit alopecia
(J:5911)
• sparse hair behind the pinnae and over the shoulders by 8 months of age, followed by more extensive hair loss over the body and head
(J:7690)
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• 8-day-old pups nursed on lethal milk display a significantly reduced number of hair shafts
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• 8-day-old pups nursed on lethal milk display follicular atrophy
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• 8-day-old pups nursed on lethal milk exhibit a thickened stratum granulosum
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skin lesions
(
J:7690
)
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• exhibited in mice after 8 months
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