Analysis Tools
mortality/aging
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• homozygous embryos show arrested development and death starting around E10-11
(J:75828)
• homozygotes die at midgestation due to lack of vascular remodeling
(J:106770)
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• embryos are dead by E9
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embryo
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• at E10.5, large vitelline vessels have not formed and capillary plexus is dilated and unremodeled
(J:106770)
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• at E9, embryos are disorganized
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• at E9, one embryo had a lost of proper axis determination
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• all embryos arrest at E9 to E9.5
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• at E10.5, embryos are growth-retarded
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• at E9 embryos were the size of E8 to E8.5 embryos with no somites
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• at E9, head folds are diminished
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• at E9, embryos lack somites
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• fibronectin deposition is decreased between the visceral endoderm and the mesoderm and around the mesoderm in the yolk sac compared to wild-type
• treatment of pregnant dams with dietary retinoic acid restores fibronectin deposition in mutant yolk sacs
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• integrity is compromised
• in yolk sac at E8.5, apoptotic visceral endodermal cell number is increased 7-fold relative to wild-type littermates; apoptotic cells are restricted to extraembryonic region of visceral endoderm
• treatment of pregnant dams with dietary retinoic acid reduces apoptotic cell numbers to control-fed wild-type levels
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growth/size/body
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• one embryo had a large beating heart
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• at E10.5, embryos are growth-retarded
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• at E9 embryos were the size of E8 to E8.5 embryos with no somites
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cardiovascular system
| N |
• cardiac muscle is differentiated and intact at E9.5 and hearts show normal association of cardiac cells
• cardiac function of E9.5 hearts assessed in culture shows normal contraction rates compared to normal hearts
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• at E8.5, endothelial cells in mutant yolk sacs demonstrate a 2-fold increase in mitotic index (meaning decreased cell proliferation)
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• at E10.5, embryos lack mature vasculature formation in the head and between somites
• vessel structures are disorganized and do not form a remodeled capillary network
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• blood vessels in embryo are underdeveloped at E9.5
• vessels display decreased size and less branching in midbrain, trunk, and intersegmental regions of the somites
• no mural cell recruitment to endothelial tube structures occurs in mutants at E9.5 while midbrain vessels in wild-type embryos have been invested by mural cells at this stage
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• at E10.5, large vitelline vessels have not formed and capillary plexus is dilated and unremodeled
(J:106770)
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• at E9.5, hearts are less compact than normal
(J:75828)
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• hearts are less tightly looped than wild-type at E10.5
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• one embryo had a large beating heart
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• some embryos develop enlarged fluid-filled pericardial sacs surround beating heart
(J:75828)
• seen at E10.5
(J:106770)
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nervous system
| N |
• neurogenesis occurs normally in mutants
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• at E9, one embryo had partial duplication of neural tissue
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• at E9, head folds are diminished
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limbs/digits/tail
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• tail formation and growth is blunted, observed at E10.5
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• some embryos develop enlarged fluid-filled pericardial sacs surround beating heart
(J:75828)
• seen at E10.5
(J:106770)
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