behavior/neurological
• young homozygous males display defective nurturing behavior illustrated by impaired pup retrieval compared to wild-type males
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• majority of pups die within 1 to 2 days of birth regardless of their genotype
• homozygous pups will survive if fostered by wild-type or heterozygous females
• Background Sensitivity: if homozygous females are mated to homozygous, heterozygous or wild-type males on a 129 background, 0-1 pups on average survive to weaning regardless of pup genotype; if homozygous males are mated to heterozygous or wild-type females, 3-5 pups survive to weaning regardless of pup genotype
• Background Sensitivity: if homozygous females are mated to homozygous, heterozygous or wild-type males on 129/B6 background, only 1-2 pups survive to weaning regardless of pup genotype; if homozygous males are mated to heterozygous or wild-type females, 7-9 pups survive to weaning regardless of genotype
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• homozygous females do not nurse their pups
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• if 3 pups are removed from the cage then replaced shortly after, homozygous females take 50 times longer to retrieve the first pup compared to wild-type or heterozygotes and only 50% retrieve even one pup
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growth/size/body
• homozygotes are about ~10% smaller than wild-type
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