All Phenotypes Dh MGI Mouse

Phenotypes associated with this allele

Jump to	Allelic Composition	Genetic Background	Genotype ID
hm1	Dh/Dh	involves: C3H/He	MGI:3831197
hm2	Dh/Dh	Not Specified	MGI:3510635
ht3	Dh/Dh⁺	B6C3Fe a/a-Dh/J	MGI:3812527
ht4	Dh/Dh⁺	B6.CBA-Dh	MGI:3819383
ht5	Dh/Dh⁺	involves: C3H/He	MGI:3831198
ht6	Dh/Dh⁺	Not Specified	MGI:3811403
cx7	Dh/Dh⁺ Foxn1^nu/Foxn1^nu	involves: N:NIH(S)	MGI:3819387
cx8	Dh/Dh⁺ Lx/Lx⁺	Not Specified	MGI:3811814
cx9	Dh/Dh⁺ H2^d/H2^d	NZB.Cg-Dh	MGI:3819783

Allelic Composition	Dh/Dh
Genetic Background	involves: C3H/He

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Dh mutation (1 available); any Dh mutation (1 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

limbs/digits/tail

abnormal caudal vertebrae morphology ( J:31339 )

• 1 of 33 homozygous newborns have a curled tail due to distortion of caudal vertebrae

skeleton

abnormal caudal vertebrae morphology ( J:31339 )

• 1 of 33 homozygous newborns have a curled tail due to distortion of caudal vertebrae

abnormal sternum morphology ( J:31339 )

• 10 of 33 homozygous newborns have a distorted sternum often with bifurcated xiphoid process

decreased rib number ( J:31339 )

• 32 of 33 homozygous newborns have only 6 true ribs on the right and left, instead of the normal 7

abnormal lumbar vertebrae morphology ( J:31339 )

• the last lumbar vertebra is abnormal in shape and irregularly connected with sacral vertebrae on one side in 7 of 33 homozygous newborns

decreased lumbar vertebrae number ( J:31339 )

• all of 33 homozygous newborns have fewer than the normal 6 lumbar vertebrae, with 32 having 5 lumbar vertebrae and 1 having only 4 lumbar vertebrae

Allelic Composition	Dh/Dh
Genetic Background	Not Specified

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Dh mutation (1 available); any Dh mutation (1 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

mortality/aging

postnatal lethality ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• homozygotes usually die in the first few days of life and approximately 4% survive to wean age and may breed (J:112)

• homozygotes die, usually within 4 days of birth (J:152370)

embryo

abnormal splanchnic mesoderm morphology ( J:5034 )

• at E9.5, splanchnic mesoderm is abnormal in appearance from the stomach to the posterior end of the coelom where there is no epithelial plate, although the anterior end is normal, and aberrant development in the gut follows

skeleton

short femur ( J:112 )

• femur is shortened, distorted and often fragmented at birth

absent tibia ( J:112 )

• both tibiae are usually absent

absent patella ( J:112 )

• patellae are often absent

decreased sternebra number ( J:112 )

• fewer than normal sternebrae, with homozygotes having an average of 5.0 sternebrae and wild-type having 6.1

decreased rib number ( J:112 )

• homozygotes have an average of 12.5 thoracic ribs and wild-type have 13

decreased presacral vertebrae number ( J:112 )

• homozygotes have an average of 1.6 fewer presacral vertebrae because of a tendency for fewer than normal lumbar and thoracic vertebrae

limbs/digits/tail

limbs/digits/tail phenotype ( J:112 )

N	• forelimbs are normal

hindlimb oligodactyly ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• absence of 1 to 4 digits in all homozygotes with the left hind feet more affected than the right hind feet (J:112)

• loss of up to three digits from the pre-axial side of the hind foot (J:152370)

syndactyly ( J:112 )

• on 5% of feet of homozygotes, usually between digits III and IV

abnormal hindlimb morphology ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• hind legs are short and twisted and all homozygotes are affected (J:112)

• the hind leg is always greatly twisted and reduced in size (J:152370)

short femur ( J:112 )

• femur is shortened, distorted and often fragmented at birth

absent tibia ( J:112 )

• both tibiae are usually absent

absent patella ( J:112 )

• patellae are often absent

short hindlimb ( J:112 , J:152370 )

immune system

absent spleen ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• of 25 homozygotes assessed at birth or within a few days of birth none had a spleen (J:112)

digestive/alimentary system

abnormal digestive system morphology ( J:152370 )

• the anus and external opening of the urethra may be closed, the stomach is always very small, the intestine is half the normal length and ends blindly in the region of the colon

absent anus ( J:112 )

• 44% of homozygotes examined at birth or within a few days of birth are found to have no anus

anal atresia ( J:152370 )

absent cecum ( J:112 )

• 28% of homozygotes examined at birth or within a few days of birth have no caecum

small stomach ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• extreme reduction in stomach size in all homozygotes (J:112)

renal/urinary system

abnormal renal/urinary system morphology ( J:152370 )

• severe hydronepohrosis and hydroureter with the two ureters often joining together and having no bladder and an incompletely formed urethra

hydronephrosis ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• found as early as embryonic day 15.5 and all homozygotes have hydropic kidneys and ureters (J:112)

blind ureter ( J:112 )

• 20% of newborn homozygotes have blind endings to the ureters

hydroureter ( J:152370 )

urethra atresia ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• 20% of newborn homozygotes have blind endings to the urethras (J:112)

• external opening of the urethra may be closed (J:152370)

absent urinary bladder ( J:152370 )

urinary bladder hypoplasia ( J:112 )

• 32% of newborn homozygotes have no bladder or a vestigial bladder

hematopoietic system

absent spleen ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• of 25 homozygotes assessed at birth or within a few days of birth none had a spleen (J:112)

reproductive system

blind uterine horn ( J:112 )

• 10% of newborn homozygotes have blind endings to the uterine horns

abnormal vagina development ( J:112 )

• 10% of homozygous newborns have a gap in the vagina and 4% have no external genital papilla or opening

vagina atresia ( J:112 )

• 4% of newborn homozygotes have no vaginal opening

absent external male genitalia ( J:152370 )

• in some homozygotes

cardiovascular system

abnormal cardinal vein morphology ( J:5034 )

abnormal vasculogenesis ( J:5034 )

• the vitelline vein does not pass around the duodenum and the duodenum is usually displaced medially and caudally from its normal position

• the posterior vena cava usually develops from the left posterior cardinal vein instead of the right and is positioned on the left side of the aorta, runs anteriorly in the body wall and joins the azygous vein

• the vitelline vein enters the liver at a more ventral point than normal

• the left posterior cardinal vein becomes enlarged and acts as the main drainage for the whole body posterior to the heart and eventually forms the definitive posterior vena cava, and pushes against the left kidney which becomes flattened

abnormal vena cava morphology ( J:5034 )

Allelic Composition	Dh/Dh⁺
Genetic Background	B6C3Fe a/a-Dh/J

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Dh mutation (1 available); any Dh mutation (1 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

skeleton

skeleton phenotype ( J:58793 )

N	• Background Sensitivity: lumbar vertebrae are not found to have an abnormal shape on this genetic background

abnormal tarsal bone morphology ( J:58793 )

• in heterozygotes in which the tibia is visibly smaller or absent, coalition of the ankle bones and metatarsal synostosis can be found

bowed fibula ( J:58793 )

• when there is visible shortening of the tibia the fibula is bowed

abnormal tibia morphology ( J:58793 )

• the tibia is reduced in size to a degree that can be used to classify heterozygotes in one of three discrete categories: imperceptibly shortened, noticably shortened, or entirely absent

absent tibia ( J:58793 )

short tibia ( J:58793 )

• the shortened tibia has a tapered appearance and always results from a deficiency of the distal portion

decreased sternebra number ( J:58793 )

• over 88% of heterozygotes have 5 sternebrae rather than the normal 6

decreased lumbar vertebrae number ( J:58793 )

• over 95% of heterozygotes have only 5 lumbar vertebrae and a few have only 4, whereas wildtype animals have 6

synostosis ( J:58793 )

• metatarsal synostosis in more severe expression

limbs/digits/tail

abnormal tarsal bone morphology ( J:58793 )

• in heterozygotes in which the tibia is visibly smaller or absent, coalition of the ankle bones and metatarsal synostosis can be found

bowed fibula ( J:58793 )

• when there is visible shortening of the tibia the fibula is bowed

abnormal tibia morphology ( J:58793 )

• the tibia is reduced in size to a degree that can be used to classify heterozygotes in one of three discrete categories: imperceptibly shortened, noticably shortened, or entirely absent

absent tibia ( J:58793 )

short tibia ( J:58793 )

• the shortened tibia has a tapered appearance and always results from a deficiency of the distal portion

hemimelia ( J:58793 )

Allelic Composition	Dh/Dh⁺
Genetic Background	B6.CBA-Dh

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Dh mutation (1 available); any Dh mutation (1 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

immune system

abnormal T cell differentiation ( J:5834 )

absent spleen ( J:5834 )

decreased immunoglobulin level ( J:5834 )

hematopoietic system

abnormal T cell differentiation ( J:5834 )

absent spleen ( J:5834 )

decreased immunoglobulin level ( J:5834 )

Allelic Composition	Dh/Dh⁺
Genetic Background	involves: C3H/He

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Dh mutation (1 available); any Dh mutation (1 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

skeleton

abnormal caudal vertebrae morphology ( J:31339 )

• 1 of 109 heterozygous newborns show a curled tail due to distortion of caudal vertebrae

abnormal sternum morphology ( J:31339 )

• the sternum is often distorted and xiphoid process bifurcated in newborn heterozygotes that have abnormal ribs

split xiphoid process ( J:31339 )

abnormal rib morphology ( J:31339 )

• the ventral segment of adjacent ribs, both true and false ribs, in newborn heterozygotes is sometimes fused which forms a fork-like structure

decreased rib number ( J:31339 )

• the majority of newborn heterozygotes have only 6 true ribs on the right and left, instead of the normal 7

decreased lumbar vertebrae number ( J:31339 )

• all newborn heterozygotes are found to have 5, instead of the normal 6, lumbar vertebrae

limbs/digits/tail

abnormal caudal vertebrae morphology ( J:31339 )

• 1 of 109 heterozygous newborns show a curled tail due to distortion of caudal vertebrae

Allelic Composition	Dh/Dh⁺
Genetic Background	Not Specified

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Dh mutation (1 available); any Dh mutation (1 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

mortality/aging

neonatal lethality, incomplete penetrance ( J:152370 )

• the neonatal death rate is higher than normal

postnatal lethality ( J:112 )

• approximately 27% fewer heterozygotes than wild-type siblings survive to wean age

embryo

abnormal splanchnic mesoderm morphology ( J:5034 )

• at E9.5, splanchnic mesoderm appears abnormal from the stomach to the posterior end of the coelom, but is normal in the anterior end, and aberrant development in the gut follows

limbs/digits/tail

abnormal digit morphology ( J:112 )

• defects are localized to the preaxial side of the hindlimbs and vary in severity in a range including a slight thickening and lengthening of the hallux, triphalangy of the hallux, addition of a digit or part of a digit on the outside of the hallux, or oligodactyly

oligodactyly ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• preaxial oligodactyly of the hindlimbs (J:112)

polydactyly ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• polydactyly is more common than oligodactyly (J:112)

preaxial polydactyly ( J:112 )

• preaxial polydactyly of the hindlimbs

syndactyly ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• hind-foot syndactyly may occur between digits IV and III, III and II, or II and I (J:112)

polysyndactyly ( J:112 )

triphalangia ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• triphalangy of the hallux is most common (J:112)

abnormal hindlimb morphology ( J:112 )

• luxation and reduction in length of one or both hindlimbs can be found in some heterozygotes accompanied by oligodactyly

• luxation is found in 40.8% of left hind legs and 49.2% of right hind legs

• in the more severe cases the patella and trochlea patellaris are reduced or absent

abnormal femur morphology ( J:152370 )

• the femur is reduced in size and in some cases fragmented

absent femur ( J:152370 )

short femur ( J:112 )

• occasionally found

bowed fibula ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• can result from the reduction or absence of the tibia (J:112)

abnormal tibia morphology ( J:152370 )

• tibial hemimelia or absence of the tibia accompanied by fibular distortion

absent tibia ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• in a minority of heterozygotes (J:112)

short tibia ( J:112 )

abnormal patella morphology ( J:112 )

absent patella ( J:112 )

hemimelia ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• tibial hemimelia with luxation of the hind legs (J:112)

skeleton

abnormal femur morphology ( J:152370 )

• the femur is reduced in size and in some cases fragmented

absent femur ( J:152370 )

short femur ( J:112 )

• occasionally found

bowed fibula ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• can result from the reduction or absence of the tibia (J:112)

abnormal tibia morphology ( J:152370 )

• tibial hemimelia or absence of the tibia accompanied by fibular distortion

absent tibia ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• in a minority of heterozygotes (J:112)

short tibia ( J:112 )

abnormal patella morphology ( J:112 )

absent patella ( J:112 )

decreased sternebra number ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• fewer than average sternebrae, with heterozygotes having an average of 5.5 sternabrae and wild-type having 6.1 (J:112)

• the number of sternebrae tends to be reduced (J:152370)

abnormal pubis morphology ( J:152370 )

• rarely there is a reduction or even loss of the pubic element of the pelvic girdle

absent pubis ( J:152370 )

small pubis ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• occasionally found (J:112)

decreased presacral vertebrae number ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• heterozygotes have an average of 0.8 fewer presacral vertebrae because of a tendency for fewer than normal lumbar and thoracic vertebrae (J:112)

• the number of presacral vertebrae tends to be reduced (J:152370)

growth/size/body

decreased body weight ( J:112 )

• heterozygotes weigh approximately 15% less than wild-type siblings at 3 to 4 weeks of age

hematopoietic system

increased granulocyte number ( J:30753 )

thrombocytosis ( J:30753 )

increased lymphocyte cell number ( J:30753 )

absent spleen ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• 25 of 25 heterozygotes completely lack the spleen and the splenic artery supplies the posterior branches of the pancreas (J:112)

• the entire absence of the spleen in all carriers is detectable in newborns by visible assessment of viscera through the body wall (J:152370)

immune system

increased granulocyte number ( J:30753 )

increased lymphocyte cell number ( J:30753 )

absent spleen ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• 25 of 25 heterozygotes completely lack the spleen and the splenic artery supplies the posterior branches of the pancreas (J:112)

• the entire absence of the spleen in all carriers is detectable in newborns by visible assessment of viscera through the body wall (J:152370)

enlarged lymph nodes ( J:30753 )

renal/urinary system

abnormal kidney morphology ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• most heterozygotes have an abnormal flattening of the left kidney where it abuts the stomach, and the remainder have a hyudropic left kidney and associated hydroureter (J:112)

• marked flattening of the antero-ventral part of the left kidney (J:152370)

hydronephrosis ( J:152370 )

• can occur, but is not common

hydroureter ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• found only in a minority of the left kidneys (J:112)

• can occur, but is not common (J:152370)

digestive/alimentary system

abnormal digestive system morphology ( J:152370 )

• shorter than normal alimentary canal

small stomach ( J:112 , J:152370 )

• small stomach, primarily due to shortening of the cardiac end, in 17 of 25 heterozygotes (J:112)

• smaller than normal stomach (J:152370)

cardiovascular system

abnormal cardinal vein morphology ( J:5034 )

abnormal vasculogenesis ( J:5034 )

• the vitelline vein does not pass around the duodenum and the duodenum is usually displaced medially and caudally from its normal position

• the vitelline vein enters the liver at a more ventral point than normal

abnormal vena cava morphology ( J:5034 )

Allelic Composition	Dh/Dh⁺ Foxn1^nu/Foxn1^nu
Genetic Background	involves: N:NIH(S)

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Dh mutation (1 available); any Dh mutation (1 available)
Foxn1^nu mutation (43 available); any Foxn1 mutation (106 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

hematopoietic system

athymia ( J:6062 )

increased erythroid progenitor cell number ( J:6062 )

• demonstrated in culture

thrombocytosis ( J:6062 )

decreased leukocyte cell number ( J:6062 )

absent spleen ( J:6062 )

increased IgA level ( J:6062 )

immune system

athymia ( J:6062 )

decreased leukocyte cell number ( J:6062 )

absent spleen ( J:6062 )

increased IgA level ( J:6062 )

abnormal Peyer's patch morphology ( J:6062 )

• increased histiocytic engorgement observed in this genotype

endocrine/exocrine glands

athymia ( J:6062 )

Allelic Composition	Dh/Dh⁺ Lx/Lx⁺
Genetic Background	Not Specified

Find Mice

Using the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Mouse lines carrying:
Dh mutation (1 available); any Dh mutation (1 available)
Lx mutation (1 available); any Lx mutation (1 available)

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

limbs/digits/tail

oligodactyly ( J:112 )

• high incidence in compound heterozygotes

absent femur ( J:112 )

• 13 of 20 adult compound heterozygotes have defective femora

absent tibia ( J:112 )

• 19 of 20 adult compound heterozygotes lack tibiae and the one with tibiae is hemimelic

skeleton

absent femur ( J:112 )

• 13 of 20 adult compound heterozygotes have defective femora

absent tibia ( J:112 )

• 19 of 20 adult compound heterozygotes lack tibiae and the one with tibiae is hemimelic

abnormal pubis morphology ( J:112 )

• 2 of 20 adult compound heterozygotes have pubic bone defects

♀	phenotype observed in females
♂	phenotype observed in males
N	normal phenotype

reproductive system

cryptorchism ( J:12036 )

• approximately 10-15% of males suffer from this

reduced fertility ( J:12036 )

• cryptorchism in some males, infertility in some females, and mounting difficulties due to limb abnormalities all lead to reduced fecundity

reduced female fertility ( J:12036 )

• 25% of females are sterile

limbs/digits/tail

polyphalangy ( J:12036 )

• preaxial triphalangy and /or poly-, syn- or oligodactyly of the hindfeet are characteristic of mice carrying the Dh allele

immune system

decreased B cell proliferation ( J:12036 )

• B cell proliferation to LPS is reduced by about a third at 2 months of age compared to NZB controls

• no differences are found in B cells from mice 7 months of age

increased T cell proliferation ( J:12036 )

• T cell proliferation to PHA is enhanced by a third at 2 months of age compared to NZB controls

• no differences are found at 7 months of age where proliferation of T cells from both groups is reduced 10-fold compared to T cells from their 2-month old counter parts

absent spleen ( J:12036 )

• an absent spleen is characteristic of mice carrying the Dh allele

decreased IgG level ( J:12036 )

• at six months of age, the mean IgG2 level is 2.32 mg/ml compared to 4.37 mg/ml in NZB controls

• at one year of age, the mean IgG2 level is 3.70 mg/ml compared to 6.38 mg/ml in NZB controls

decreased IgG1 level ( J:12036 )

• at six months of age, the mean IgG1 level is 1.39 mg/ml compared to 1.84 mg/ml in NZB controls

• at one year of age, the mean IgG1 level is 1.45 mg/ml compared to 2.17 mg/ml in NZB controls

decreased IgM level ( J:12036 )

• at three months of age, the mean IgM level is 0.13 mg/ml compared to 0.45 mg/ml in NZB controls

• at six months of age, the mean IgM level is 0.35 mg/ml compared to 0.79 mg/ml in NZB controls

• at one year of age, the mean IgM level is 0.57 mg/ml compared to 1.38 mg/ml in NZB controls

increased autoantibody level ( J:12036 )

• Background Sensitivity: mice have increased levels of "naturally occurring thymocytotoxic IgM antibodies" (NTA) compared to NZB controls

• Background Sensitivity: 8 of 9 mice at 6 weeks of age have significant levels of NTAs compared to none in a similar sized group of age-matched NZB mice

• Background Sensitivity: at one year of age, all mice have a mean NTA log₂titer of 4.5 compared to 60% of NZB controls with detectable amounts of NTA with a mean titer of 2.2

increased anti-erythrocyte antigen antibody level ( J:12036 )

• Background Sensitivity: 100% of animals by 9 months of age have detectable levels of anti-erythrocyte antibodies (i.e. positive Coombs' test)

• Background Sensitivity: while anti-erythrocyte antibodies are characteristic of the NZB strain, there are differences with this mouse strain in the immunoglobulin classes involved

• Background Sensitivity: one year old mice have a four-fold decrease in the serum level of anti-erythrocyte IgM with a corresponding increase in anti-erythrocyte IgG1

• Background Sensitivity: sheep red blood cells injected into 3 but not 9 month old mice have higher levels of agglutinating antibody coating the cells than in NZB controls t

increased anti-nuclear antigen antibody level ( J:12036 )

• Background Sensitivity: 30% of mice at 3 months of age and 90% of mice at 9 months of age have detectable levels of anti-polyIpolyC antibodies, which is similar to NZB controls

increased anti-single stranded DNA antibody level ( J:12036 )

• Background Sensitivity: 30% of mice at 3 months of age and 90% of mice at 9 months of age have detectable levels of anti-single stranded DNA antibodies, which is similar to NZB controls

glomerulonephritis ( J:12036 )

• Background Sensitivity: mice develop a glomular disease similar to NZB controls except that there is no evidence of lymphocytic infiltrate, which occurs in 80% of the NZB controls

decreased susceptibility to graft versus host disease ( J:12036 )

• thymocytes isolated from these mice at 20 weeks of age are better able to suppress graft versus host disease (GVHD )than controls in an induced form of GVHD caused by transfer with wild-type NZB splenocytes into an irradiated host

• similar suppression of GVHD as controls is observed when thymocytes are isolated from 4 week old mice

renal/urinary system

glomerulonephritis ( J:12036 )

• Background Sensitivity: mice develop a glomular disease similar to NZB controls except that there is no evidence of lymphocytic infiltrate, which occurs in 80% of the NZB controls

neoplasm

decreased lymphoma incidence ( J:12036 )

• Background Sensitivity: lymphomas, which occur in 11% of NZB mice by one year of age, are not observed in these mice

endocrine/exocrine glands

cryptorchism ( J:12036 )

• approximately 10-15% of males suffer from this

skeleton

polyphalangy ( J:12036 )

• preaxial triphalangy and /or poly-, syn- or oligodactyly of the hindfeet are characteristic of mice carrying the Dh allele

hematopoietic system

decreased B cell proliferation ( J:12036 )

• B cell proliferation to LPS is reduced by about a third at 2 months of age compared to NZB controls

• no differences are found in B cells from mice 7 months of age

increased T cell proliferation ( J:12036 )

• T cell proliferation to PHA is enhanced by a third at 2 months of age compared to NZB controls

• no differences are found at 7 months of age where proliferation of T cells from both groups is reduced 10-fold compared to T cells from their 2-month old counter parts

absent spleen ( J:12036 )

• an absent spleen is characteristic of mice carrying the Dh allele

decreased IgG level ( J:12036 )

• at six months of age, the mean IgG2 level is 2.32 mg/ml compared to 4.37 mg/ml in NZB controls

• at one year of age, the mean IgG2 level is 3.70 mg/ml compared to 6.38 mg/ml in NZB controls

decreased IgG1 level ( J:12036 )

• at six months of age, the mean IgG1 level is 1.39 mg/ml compared to 1.84 mg/ml in NZB controls

• at one year of age, the mean IgG1 level is 1.45 mg/ml compared to 2.17 mg/ml in NZB controls

decreased IgM level ( J:12036 )

• at three months of age, the mean IgM level is 0.13 mg/ml compared to 0.45 mg/ml in NZB controls

• at six months of age, the mean IgM level is 0.35 mg/ml compared to 0.79 mg/ml in NZB controls

• at one year of age, the mean IgM level is 0.57 mg/ml compared to 1.38 mg/ml in NZB controls

cellular

decreased B cell proliferation ( J:12036 )

• B cell proliferation to LPS is reduced by about a third at 2 months of age compared to NZB controls

• no differences are found in B cells from mice 7 months of age

increased T cell proliferation ( J:12036 )

• T cell proliferation to PHA is enhanced by a third at 2 months of age compared to NZB controls

• no differences are found at 7 months of age where proliferation of T cells from both groups is reduced 10-fold compared to T cells from their 2-month old counter parts

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