cardiovascular system
• mutants exhibit patent ductus arteriosus after birth
|
• over 80% of mutants exhibit a severe ventricular septal defect at E14.5-E18.5
|
craniofacial
• hypoplastic zygomatic bone resulting in an unconnected zygomatic bone
|
growth/size/body
limbs/digits/tail
• loss of digit 1
|
polydactyly
(
J:27442
)
• polydactyly that affects zeugopods and autopods of both hindlimbs and forelimbs
• the second and third tarsal bones are duplicated
• total number of digits on a limb vary from 5 to 7
• polydactyly is already seen E13
• digit pattern is (IV-)III-II-II-III-IV-V
|
triphalangia
(
J:27442
)
• presence of two or more triphalangeal extra digits
|
• the ankle joint is disturbed
|
• variable tibia abnormalities ranging from only shortening or thinning of the distal end to complete absence of the tibia
|
short tibia
(
J:27442
)
• the distal portion of the tibia is reduced in length
|
• zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) is duplicated at the anterior margin of the hindlimb buds resulting in mirror-image duplication of the anterior-distal part of the limbs
|
• ZPA is duplicated at the anterior margin of the hindlimb buds
|
mortality/aging
skeleton
• bone malformation
|
• hypoplastic zygomatic bone resulting in an unconnected zygomatic bone
|
• the ankle joint is disturbed
|
• variable tibia abnormalities ranging from only shortening or thinning of the distal end to complete absence of the tibia
|
short tibia
(
J:27442
)
• the distal portion of the tibia is reduced in length
|
• hypoplastic clavicles and occasionally lack of clavicles
|
• hypoplastic cervical vertebrae
|
• occasionally, mutants show absence of the sixth lumbar (L6) vertebra
|
• transformation of the presacral vertebrae to sacrum is often seen
|
• the anterior tubercle of the transverse process is completely or partially absent
• transverse foramen is absent
|
renal/urinary system
N |
• no renal abnormalities
|
embryo
• ZPA is duplicated at the anterior margin of the hindlimb buds
|
cellular
• mutants exhibit patent ductus arteriosus after birth
|