mortality/aging
• die by E2.5-3.5
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cellular
• initiation of mitosis occurred in mutant embryos despite exposure to DNA damage agents that normally arrest the cell cycle
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• massive DNA fragmentation during embryo degeneration
• TUNEL-positive cells are observed in mutant blastocysts, but not in control blastocysts
• ES cells made homozygous null appear apoptotic in culture
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• mutant blastocysts stop proliferation and degenerate inside the zona pellucida
• failure of generation of homozygous ES cell colonies suggests that this gene product is required for cell proliferation
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embryo
• massive DNA fragmentation during embryo degeneration
• TUNEL-positive cells are observed in mutant blastocysts, but not in control blastocysts
• ES cells made homozygous null appear apoptotic in culture
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• a few cultured embryos do hatch, but do not contain an inner cell mass
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