Analysis Tools
mortality/aging
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• homozygous pups born from homozygous parents die within 1-2 days after birth when hexanal-treated chips are used as bedding compared to a very low death rate of wild-type, indicating sensitivity to hexanal; pups survive in a non-hexanal environment
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cellular
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• degenerated male germ cells within the seminiferous tubules are seen at 3 and 4 weeks of age
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behavior/neurological
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• homozygotes are hypersensitive to the hypnotic effect of ethanol, showing a longer duration of the loss of righting reflex after ethanol administration than controls
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• homozygous pups from homozygous parents show a defect in suckling behavior at the step of recognition and attachment to pre-lactating or unactivated nipples, however are able to suckle milk normally when the homozygous mother's mammary glands have been activated by suckling of a heterozygous or wild-type pup
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• exhibit stronger light aversion in the light-dark choice test and higher fear response scores in the novelty preference and passive avoidance tests, indicating that mutants show increased fearfulness
(J:21225)
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• females show enhancement of the startle amplitude under a bright light, indicating an increased fear response
(J:74705)
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• exhibit increased passive avoidance, indicating a stronger learned fear-response for the shocked chamber
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• females show enhancement of the startle amplitude under a bright light but not under the dark condition
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• under a 12 h light and 12 h dark (LD) cycle, the total daily wheel-running activity of some mutants is lower than that of wild-type
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• under constant dark condition, exhibit longer circadian periods in wheel-running activity than wild-type
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• exhibit defects in the maternal behavior of nest building and pup retrieval, regardless of exposure to hexanal
• females exposed to autoclaved chips of Douglas fir that contain about 10-fold greater amount of hexanal, show partially impaired maternal behavior as indicated by decreased time spent in the maternal crouching behavior and the continuous change of the position of the nest after parturition
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• females take longer than wild-type to retrieve pups, independent of the presence of hexanal
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• exhibit greater susceptibility of acoustically primed audiogenic seizures and stronger seizure syndrome (clonus) than controls
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nervous system
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• exhibit greater susceptibility of acoustically primed audiogenic seizures and stronger seizure syndrome (clonus) than controls
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• exhibit abnormal distribution of neurons containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactive substance in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), with many neurons moving deeply into the optic chiasm
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• the hippocampal cell layer is undulated
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• exhibit neocortical disorganization in the somatosensory cortex, showing undermigration of later-generated neurons despite the normal placement of earlier-generated neurons
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• layer II-III neurons are aberrantly stratified, but the deeper layer neurons appear normal
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• the modified glomerular complex of the olfactory bulb, which may play a role in perceiving phermones, is abnormal in shape and reduced in size
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• although mutants can form myelin, the amount of myelin per brain is about 50-60% of that of wild-type
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• do not develop an acute tolerance to ethanol inhibition of NMDAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potentials in hippocampal slices as seen in wild-type
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reproductive system
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• degenerated male germ cells within the seminiferous tubules are seen at 3 and 4 weeks of age
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• lumina of the seminiferous tubules is not yet well developed at 3 and 4 weeks of age
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• testis has abnormalities in the specialized junctional structures of the Sertoli cells, the ectoplasmic specializations, showing unusual vesicular structures in the actin filament layers of the ectoplasmic specializations
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• the diameters of the seminiferous tubules are smaller at 3 and 4 weeks of age
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• although males are fertile, there is a significant reduction in testis weight at 3 and 4 weeks of age; younger and older males show no difference in testis weight, indicating a transient defect during testis development
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• lumina of the seminiferous tubules is not yet well developed at 3 and 4 weeks of age
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• testis has abnormalities in the specialized junctional structures of the Sertoli cells, the ectoplasmic specializations, showing unusual vesicular structures in the actin filament layers of the ectoplasmic specializations
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• the diameters of the seminiferous tubules are smaller at 3 and 4 weeks of age
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• although males are fertile, there is a significant reduction in testis weight at 3 and 4 weeks of age; younger and older males show no difference in testis weight, indicating a transient defect during testis development
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immune system
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• stimulation of splenocytes with an antigen induces a higher production of IL-5 than in wild-type
• stimulation of splenocytes with a mitogen induces a higher production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6
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• stimulation of splenocytes with an antigen or a mitogen induces a higher production of TNF-alpha than in wild-type
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• exhibit increased incidence and severity of induced experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis compared to wild-type (78.6% vs. 40% of wild-type)
• upon uveoretinitis induction, see a significant infiltration of eosinophils into the eyes compared to wild-type
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taste/olfaction
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• exhibit sensitivity to hexanal odor; females exposed to autoclaved chips of Douglas fir that contain about 10-fold greater amount of hexanal, show partially impaired maternal behavior and homozygous pups from homozygous parents die within 1-2 days after birth in the presence of hexanal
• although homozygotes are sensitive to hexanal odor, they exhibit a normal odor response to a food pellet bait
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• females exhibit an increase in dopamine in the prefrontal cortex when exposed to bright light, that is sustained in the dark recovery period
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• females exhibit an increase in serotonin in the prefrontal cortex and in the hippocampus when exposed to bright light
• prefrontal cortex serotonin levels, but not hippocampus levels, return to basal levels during the first time point in the dark recovery period
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• homozygous pups born from homozygous parents die within 1-2 days after birth when hexanal-treated chips are used as bedding compared to a very low death rate of wild-type, indicating sensitivity to hexanal; pups survive in a non-hexanal environment
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