cellular
• mostly oriented parallel to outer membrane, sometimes forming concentric circles in tibialis anterior muscle fibers at age 2 and 5 months
• reduced cristae surface per mitochondrion in tibialis anterior muscle fibers at age 2 months
• lamellar structure in tibialis anterior muscle fibers at age 2 months
• loss of lamellar structure with predominant circular structures in tibialis anterior muscle fibers at age 5 months
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• 60% reduction in number of cristae junctions (contact with outer membrane) in tibialis anterior muscle fibers at age 2 months
• mostly oriented parallel to outer membrane, sometimes forming concentric circles in tibialis anterior muscle fibers at ages 2 and 5 months
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• clear matrix areas, electron-dense inclusions, fragmentation and degeneration in tibialis anterior muscle fibers at age 5 months
• drastically reduced mitochondrial mass in focal areas of skeletal muscle fibers
• increased subsarcolemmal mitochondrial proliferation in some muscle fibers
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• 30% reduction at age 5-6 months, 55% at 12 months and 45% at 18 months in skeletal muscle
• high level of age-related deletions in skeletal muscle at ages 12 months and 18 months
• high level of age-related rearrangements in skeletal muscle at age 20 months
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• in tibialis anterior muscle fibers at age 5 months
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• 50% reduction in steady-state levels of complex I (Ndufb8) and complex V (Atp5a1) markers in skeletal muscle from age 3 months
• reduction in levels of complex IV marker mt-Co1 in skeletal muscle from age 5 months
• steady-state levels of complex II (Sdha) and complex III (Uqcrc1) markers in skeletal muscle
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muscle
• significantly lower cross-sectional area at age 5 months
• pale cores lacking cytochrome c oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase activity (suggesting lack of mitochondria); small single cores at age 5 months, larger and/or multiple cores at age 18 months
• increased subsarcolemmal cytochrome c oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase activity (suggesting increased number of mitochondria) in some fibers
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• clear matrix areas, electron-dense inclusions, fragmentation and degeneration in tibialis anterior muscle fibers at age 5 months
• drastically reduced mitochondrial mass in focal areas of skeletal muscle fibers
• increased subsarcolemmal mitochondrial proliferation in some muscle fibers
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• 30% reduction at age 5-6 months, 55% at 12 months and 45% at 18 months in skeletal muscle
• high level of age-related deletions in skeletal muscle at ages 12 months and 18 months
• high level of age-related rearrangements in skeletal muscle at age 20 months
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• increased empty spaces between fibers at age 18 months
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• at age 18 months
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• reduced quadriceps, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscle weight as percentage of body weight from age 5 months
(J:263681)
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• gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior at age 18 months
(J:263681)
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behavior/neurological
• stay on a progressively accelerating cylinder for shorter time in rotarod test
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• reduced maximum grip strength in forelimbs at age 6 months with no further worsening
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• activity on treadmill at age 2 months
• increase in falling frequency on treadmill from age 3 months
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• decreased travelling distance, ambulatory counts and increased resting time in open field test from age 6 months
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homeostasis/metabolism
• lipid composition in skeletal muscle at age 2 months
• decreased levels of cholesterol esters (CEs) synthesized in ER and increased levels of CEs obtained from diet in skeletal muscle at age 5 months
• reduced level of total CEs versus free cholesterol in skeletal muscle at age 5 months
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skeleton
growth/size/body
N |
• weight at birth
• daily food intake at age 5 months
• heart weight at ages 5 months and 12 months
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