growth/size/body
• ~10% of homozygotes show a random unilateral drop of the ear (facial asymmetry)
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• homozygotes are viable but display a growth defect as early as E13.5
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• postnatally, all homozygotes are uniformly much smaller than the age- and sex-matched littermates, whether male or female
• the growth impairment continues through weaning, sexual maturation and well into adulthood
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• homozygotes display a 30-50% reduction in body weight relative to wild-type from E15.5 onward
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embryo
• homozygotes are viable but display a growth defect as early as E13.5
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homeostasis/metabolism
• both male and female homozygotes show a significant decrease (~30-50%) in serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels from P25 to P180; a smaller difference in IGF1 levels is noted with increasing age
• also, homozygotes show a 2- to 3-fold reduction in liver IGF1 mRNA levels; no alterations in IGF1 transcripts are noted in ovary or spleen
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hearing/vestibular/ear
• ~10% of homozygotes show a random unilateral drop of the ear (facial asymmetry)
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cellular
• in serum-free conditions, mutant MEFs display significantly impaired responses to retinoic acid and IFN-gamma
• in the presence of IGF1, mutant MEFs show a minimal response to retinoic acid; the response to IFN-gamma is 50% of that of wild-type
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• in serum-free conditions, both mutant MEFs and hepatocytes exhibit reduced cell proliferation in response to growth hormone and IGF1
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endocrine/exocrine glands
N |
• homozygotes exhibit normal pituitary development with normal morphology and cellular proliferation
• all hormone-encoding genes are expressed at wild-type levels
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craniofacial
• ~10% of homozygotes show a random unilateral drop of the ear (facial asymmetry)
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