endocrine/exocrine glands
• on day 15 of pregnancy (P15), BrdU labeling shows a 40% reduction in proliferating nuclei in mutant mammary epithelium
• in contrast, levels of apoptosis remain similar to those of wild-type controls at P18, as shown by TUNEL staining
|
• whole wild-type mammary glands transplanted into mutant recipient mice show fully developed lobuloalveolar structures and visible milk droplets whereas whole mutant mammary glands transplanted into wild-type recipient mice fail to develop normally
|
• at P15, mutant mammary glands show a slight decrease in ductal structures
• however, ductal side branching appears normal at P8
|
• on day 1 of lactation ( L1), mutant glands show a ~25% reduction in epithelial structures and a ~60% reduction in luminal expansion
|
• at P15, mutant mammary glands show a slight decrease in ductal structures, suggesting a developmental delay
• by P18, alveolar development is reduced and mutant glands show a ~25% reduction in epithelial structures and a ~60% reduction in luminal expansion
|
• female homozygotes show impaired differentiation of mammary gland epithelium in late pregnancy
• transplantation of mutant epithelium to wild-type mammary fat pads results in apparently normal epithelial growth, whereas transplantation of wild-type epithelium to mutant fat pads leads to underdeveloped and poorly differentiated epithelium
|
• by P18, mutant lobuloalveolar structures are less developed relative to wild-type controls
• however, formation of the initial alveolar buds appears normal at P8
|
• in mutant mammary glands, expression of whey acidic protein (WAP), a late differentiation marker, is absent at P18 and reduced at L1
• in contrast, expression of beta-casein, an early differentiation marker, is similar to that in wild-type glands
|
• milk production is totally absent, even after stimulation by oxytocin or by a second pregnancy
• pups born to female homozygotes die shortly after birth with no milk stripes in their stomachs
• however, pups fostered to lactating wild-type females suckle and develop normally
|
integument
• on day 15 of pregnancy (P15), BrdU labeling shows a 40% reduction in proliferating nuclei in mutant mammary epithelium
• in contrast, levels of apoptosis remain similar to those of wild-type controls at P18, as shown by TUNEL staining
|
• whole wild-type mammary glands transplanted into mutant recipient mice show fully developed lobuloalveolar structures and visible milk droplets whereas whole mutant mammary glands transplanted into wild-type recipient mice fail to develop normally
|
• at P15, mutant mammary glands show a slight decrease in ductal structures
• however, ductal side branching appears normal at P8
|
• on day 1 of lactation ( L1), mutant glands show a ~25% reduction in epithelial structures and a ~60% reduction in luminal expansion
|
• at P15, mutant mammary glands show a slight decrease in ductal structures, suggesting a developmental delay
• by P18, alveolar development is reduced and mutant glands show a ~25% reduction in epithelial structures and a ~60% reduction in luminal expansion
|
• female homozygotes show impaired differentiation of mammary gland epithelium in late pregnancy
• transplantation of mutant epithelium to wild-type mammary fat pads results in apparently normal epithelial growth, whereas transplantation of wild-type epithelium to mutant fat pads leads to underdeveloped and poorly differentiated epithelium
|
• by P18, mutant lobuloalveolar structures are less developed relative to wild-type controls
• however, formation of the initial alveolar buds appears normal at P8
|
• in mutant mammary glands, expression of whey acidic protein (WAP), a late differentiation marker, is absent at P18 and reduced at L1
• in contrast, expression of beta-casein, an early differentiation marker, is similar to that in wild-type glands
|
• milk production is totally absent, even after stimulation by oxytocin or by a second pregnancy
• pups born to female homozygotes die shortly after birth with no milk stripes in their stomachs
• however, pups fostered to lactating wild-type females suckle and develop normally
|
reproductive system
• at P15, mutant mammary glands show a slight decrease in ductal structures, suggesting a developmental delay
• by P18, alveolar development is reduced and mutant glands show a ~25% reduction in epithelial structures and a ~60% reduction in luminal expansion
|
adipose tissue
• the weights of mutant mammary fat pads are similar to those of wild-type mice during pregnancy, but are decreased at L1, probably due to lack of milk production
|
cellular
• on day 15 of pregnancy (P15), BrdU labeling shows a 40% reduction in proliferating nuclei in mutant mammary epithelium
• in contrast, levels of apoptosis remain similar to those of wild-type controls at P18, as shown by TUNEL staining
|