behavior/neurological
• the analgesic effect of nicotine is amplified in these mice, as assayed by a tail flick response
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• while mutant mice have the same predilection to heroin addiction, mice display much fewer withdrawal signs, such as jumping, after drug removal
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• a significant attenuation of hind paw licking response is observed after capsaicin injection
• mice also show reduced hind paw licking during the early (acute) phase of the formalin exposure and the second (tonic) phase
• mice also showed less edema swelling to carrageenan injections and less intestinal cramping from acetic acid injections
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• morphine elicited antinociception is reduced in this mutant mice
• nicotine elicited antinociception is increased in these mice
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