skeleton
• forelimbs shifted anteriorly relative to the axial skeleton
• shift of limbs sometimes is unilateral
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• rostral edge of the scapula aligns with C3 or C4 rather than C5
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• altered lateral processes on T1
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• T1 to C7 transformation the most prevalent vertebral abnormality
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• C7 to C6 transformation
• tuberculum anterior of C6 either shifted to C7 (C6 to C5 transformation) or duplicated there
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nervous system
• brachial plexus enters the forelimb at a more posterior position than in controls
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