Analysis Tools
mortality/aging
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• homozygotes die between E10.5 and E11.5 due to a failure in chorioallantoic fusion or in functional placental formation
• by E11.5, all homozygotes are dead and partially resorbed
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embryo
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• at E10.5, ~20% of homozygotes are developmentally delayed, with some dying at this stage
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• at E9.5, ~20% of homozygotes are smaller than wild-type embryos
• at E10.5, all homozygotes are smaller than wild-type embryos
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• at E9.5 and E10.5, all homozygotes fail to display limb bud induction
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• at ~ E9-E10.5, about 1/3 of homozygotes display an enlarged allantois that remains unfused with the chorion and appears as a vascular hydropic cyst or a solid mass of varying shapes
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• at E9.5, about 1/3 of mutant placentas lack the allantois component and fail to form a connection with the embryo
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• at E10.5, some homozygotes exhibit poor placental vascularization due to absence of labyrinthine trophoblast cells
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• at E10.5, some homozygotes exhibit placentas without labyrinthine portions due to a nearly complete block in proliferation of trophoblast cells
• such placentas may be partially functional as these embryos appear to survive slightly longer than mutants with no chorioallantoic fusion
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• at E9.5, mutant trophoblast cells exhibit a block in proliferation, as shown by PCNA staining (only <5% vs >70% in wild-type cells)
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• at E9.5, an expansion of the trophoblast giant cell layer is observed
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• at E9.5, mutant spongiotrophoblasts appear somewhat disorganized, though normal in number
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• at E10.5-E11.5, about 2/3 of homozygotes show failure of placental development with absence of the labyrinthine portion, despite normal chorioallantoic fusion
• in some cases, the fetal component is thinner and remains as funnel-shaped structures resembling those observed at E9.5
• in other cases, the allantoic mesoderm undergoes vascular differentiation, but most placental blood vessels are abnormally exposed to the surface of placentas due to absence of labyrinthine trophoblast cells
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• at ~E8.5-E8.75, about 1/3 of homozygotes show absence of chorioallantoic fusion
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limbs/digits/tail
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• at E9.5 and E10.5, all homozygotes fail to display limb bud induction
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growth/size/body
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• at E10.5, ~20% of homozygotes are developmentally delayed, with some dying at this stage
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• at E9.5, ~20% of homozygotes are smaller than wild-type embryos
• at E10.5, all homozygotes are smaller than wild-type embryos
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hearing/vestibular/ear
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• mutant otic vesicles are reduced in size relative to wild-type
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cardiovascular system
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• at E10.5, some homozygotes exhibit poor placental vascularization due to absence of labyrinthine trophoblast cells
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