reproductive system
• males sire smaller litters
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• sire smaller litters and the time needed to produce a pregnancy is longer
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behavior/neurological
• morphine fails to induce increased horizontal activity levels or reduced vertical activity levels
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• morphine fails to induced reduced vertical activity levels unlike in wild-type mice
• however, untreated vertical activity levels are similar to wild-type controls
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• reduced spontaneous locomotor activity
• morphine fails to induced increased horizontal activity levels
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• fail to show a morphine induced increase in tail flick latency
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• in a 2 hr test males fail to produce seminal plugs however, males can produce seminal plugs when left overnight with a female
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• the percentage of overnight seminal plugs is significantly reduced compared with that of wild-type males
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• the number of intromissions during each test session is significantly reduced
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• latency to mounting is significantly increased while the number of appropriate mounts is significantly decreased
• however, total contact time with the female (cumulative time when the male is investigating the female mouse, including mounting and sniffing of body and genital areas) is not reduced
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hematopoietic system
• the percentage of progenitor cells in S-phase is increased in the spleen
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• increase in the number of granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) and multipotential (CFU-GEMM) progenitors in the femoral bone marrow
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• increase in the number of erythroid progenitors in the femoral bone marrow
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• the percentage of progenitor cells in S-phase is increased in the femoral bone marrow
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immune system
• the percentage of progenitor cells in S-phase is increased in the spleen
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cellular
• the percentage of progenitor cells in S-phase is increased in the spleen
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