mortality/aging
• ~50% of homozygotes die within 12-24 hrs of birth; surviving homozygotes are viable, fertile and healthy with no apparent heart or lung defects
• only 5 of 9 homozygotes delivered by Cesarean section survive the first 24 hrs due difficulties in breathing and nursing
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embryo
• a number of homozygotes delivered by Cesarean section display visible hematomas on the fetal side of term placentas
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• in severely affected placentas, the number of fetal capillaries is reduced, indicating impaired vascularization
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• at E14.5-E18.5, about 85% of mutant placentas exhibit generalized disruption of the labyrinthine zone and/or a reduction in the size and proportion of the labyrinthine zone
• by E18.5, severely affected placentas display several abnormally large blood pools and acellular fibrin deposits in the labyrinthine zone
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• at E14.5-E18.5, ~85% of mutant placentas show at least one defect, including edema and disruption of the labyrinthine zone, abnormally large and/or numerous maternal blood pools and/or a reduction in the size and proportion of the labyrinthine zone and the chorioallantoic plate region; however, no necrosis or apoptosis is observed
• notably, the number and distribution of trophoblast giant cells and spongiotrophoblast cells remains unaffected
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growth/size/body
• newborn homozygotes exhibit runting
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• at birth, the average weight of homozygotes delivered by Cesarean section is 67% that of average wild-type weight
• at weaning, both male and female homozygotes weigh 85% of wild-type littermates
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• at E14.5, homozygotes show a reduction in average body weight; however, this difference does not become significant until E17.5
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cardiovascular system
• in severely affected placentas, the number of fetal capillaries is reduced, indicating impaired vascularization
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