mortality/aging
• animals die shortly after birth
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behavior/neurological
embryo
• animals are approximately 65% of the size of wild-type or heterozygous littermates
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growth/size/body
• animals are approximately 65% of the size of wild-type or heterozygous littermates
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respiratory system
• neonates do not breathe
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skeleton
• abnormal curvature of the spine; embryos and neonates have a more pronounced curled appearance
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nervous system
• failure of motor neuron innervation; axons reach muscles but fail to grow or branch into diaphragm or limb muscles
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