muscle
• unlike wild-type mice, homozygotes show an age-dependent decrease in (dorsiflexor) muscle mass, with an 11% and 24% mass reduction noted at 13 and 20 months, respectively
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• one-third of the decline in muscle performance is attributed to muscle atrophy
• the remaining two/thirds are attributed to reduced muscle quality i.e. a reduction in mechanical performance per unit muscle mass
• no decline in protein content per unit muscle mass is observed
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• mutant dorsiflexor muscles exhibit a normal isometric torque at 7 months, but show a ~50% reduction between 7 and 13 months, with no further changes thereafter
• mutant dorsiflexor muscles display a 29%, 53%, and 68% reduction in peak power at 7, 13, and 20 months, respectively, with no further changes thereafter
• the mutant dorsiflexor complex displays a 25% reduction in optimal shortening angular velocity at 7, 13, and 20 months
• mutant muscles show no significant differences in the rise or the half-relaxation time of the isometric torque, suggesting normal calcium handling
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growth/size/body
• at 20 months, wild-type mice show a significant increase in body mass; in contrast, age-matched mutant mice can be either obese or lean
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