homeostasis/metabolism
• decrease in serum levels of urate
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• 90% decrease in serum levels of lactate
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• 29-fold increase in urinary lactate levels
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• 6-fold increase in urinary excretion of urate
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renal/urinary system
• 29-fold increase in urinary lactate levels
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• 6-fold increase in urinary excretion of urate
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cellular
• the BrdU labeling index is higher in mammary epithelial cells of nulliparous females compared to controls during the proestrus/estrus and metestrus/diestrus phases of the estrus cycle, indicating increased proliferation of these cells
• however, apoptosis levels are similar to controls
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endocrine/exocrine glands
• the BrdU labeling index is higher in mammary epithelial cells of nulliparous females compared to controls during the proestrus/estrus and metestrus/diestrus phases of the estrus cycle, indicating increased proliferation of these cells
• however, apoptosis levels are similar to controls
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• mean total mammary gland cellular volume occupied by epithelium is higher in adult nulliparous females than in controls
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• with increasing age (by 26 weeks of age), adult nulliparous females exhibit increased ductal arborization showing a higher mean number of mammary ductal branches than wild-type females
• however, mammary gland involution appears normal and no differences in mammary gland morphology, ductal branching or total epithelial content is seen in multiparous females
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integument
• the BrdU labeling index is higher in mammary epithelial cells of nulliparous females compared to controls during the proestrus/estrus and metestrus/diestrus phases of the estrus cycle, indicating increased proliferation of these cells
• however, apoptosis levels are similar to controls
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• mean total mammary gland cellular volume occupied by epithelium is higher in adult nulliparous females than in controls
|
• with increasing age (by 26 weeks of age), adult nulliparous females exhibit increased ductal arborization showing a higher mean number of mammary ductal branches than wild-type females
• however, mammary gland involution appears normal and no differences in mammary gland morphology, ductal branching or total epithelial content is seen in multiparous females
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