adipose tissue
• both males and females exhibit less adipose tissue
• weight of sublumbar adipose tissue in females is reduced to 36% of wild-type and to 69% of wild-type in males
|
endocrine/exocrine glands
• mammary gland development is impaired although milk proteins are expressed
|
hypolactation
(
J:41784
)
• produce insufficient milk to feed pups
|
growth/size/body
• males, but not females, show decreased body weight so that by 4-5 weeks of age, males are 27% lighter than wild-type and this difference persists beyond puberty
|
• obesity becomes apparent in some mutants beginning at about 9 weeks of age, showing large testicular fat pads and greater amounts of abdominal fat
|
• seen in some homozygotes
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homeostasis/metabolism
• plasma IGF-1 concentrations are lower in both males and females
|
• males, but not females, exhibit normal to elevated plasma growth hormone levels
|
• MUP, a family of alpha2-microglobulin-related liver secretory proteins that comprise a major protein component of mouse urine, levels in male urine are similar to the amounts seen in female urine which is less than seen in wild-type males
|
liver/biliary system
• seen in some homozygotes
|
pale liver
(
J:41784
)
• seen in some homozygotes
|
• male-specific liver gene expression is decreased to wild-type female levels in homozygous males, while female-predominant liver gene products are increased in males to a level intermediate between wild-type male and female levels
|
renal/urinary system
• MUP, a family of alpha2-microglobulin-related liver secretory proteins that comprise a major protein component of mouse urine, levels in male urine are similar to the amounts seen in female urine which is less than seen in wild-type males
|
reproductive system
• females consistently abort between day 8 and 17 of pregnancy, with no obvious maternal, placental or fetal defects; deaths are not associated with genotype of pups
• subcutaneous administration of progesterone maintains pregnancy
|
integument
• mammary gland development is impaired although milk proteins are expressed
|
hypolactation
(
J:41784
)
• produce insufficient milk to feed pups
|
• exhibit a delay of at least 2 weeks in the commencement of second-generation hair growth
|
sparse hair
(
J:41784
)
• seen in some homozygotes
|