mortality/aging
• null animals die soon after birth
|
growth/size/body
• mutants have hearts 2 to 5 times the size of controls
|
• homozygous knockout embryos are 30% heavier in dry weight than littermates
|
cardiovascular system
• ventricular myocardium is disorganized
|
• mutants have hearts 2 to 5 times the size of controls
|
respiratory system
• E18.5 moribund mutants have lungs that appear retarded and have poorly formed alveoli
|
• animals cannot initiate or sustain respiration and die at birth
|
limbs/digits/tail
polydactyly
(
J:20763
)
• animals have a single extra toe on the postaxial side of the fore and hindfeet
|
kinked tail
(
J:20763
)
• animal have a tail bend
|
skeleton
short sternum
(
J:20763
)
• some moribund mutants show split sternum
|
• moribund mutants have ossified extra toes and fused third and fourth sternum ossification centers
|
• E18.5 mutants exhibit ossification of the limb phalanges and tail vertebrae characteristic of later post-natal stages
|
cellular
• four of five lysosomal enzymes looked at were reduced 30-80% in embryonic fibroblasts compared to wild-type levels, although this was not apparent in E14.5 mutant embryos or hearts and livers from E18.5 embryos
|
muscle
• ventricular myocardium is disorganized
|