mortality/aging
• die at birth from asphyxia
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behavior/neurological
• fetuses have flexed necks and extremities
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• fetuses fail to show any movement
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limbs/digits/tail
• thin limbs
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muscle
• muscle contains myofibrils with well-defined Z-bands but the thick and thin filaments are disorganized
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• in isolated myotubes, action potentials are normal but fail to elicit a calcium-transient
• L-type calcium current is decreased 10- to 20-fold in intercostals myotubes
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• electrical field stimulation of E16 muscle fails to induce twitches, however contractures are induced by caffeine, although the force produced by the forelimb is reduced 20-30 fold, indicating a lack of excitation-contraction coupling
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skeleton
• fetuses exhibit curvature of the spine
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