reproductive system
• 68% of epididymal sperm show structural aberrations with loss of axonemal doublet no. 7 and its associated outer dense fiber
• less frequently, flagella lack half of the axonemal doublets, with ectopically placed doublets and partial axonemal duplications
• flagella anomalies are rare in testicular sperm cells
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• spermatids in the testes show enlarged, abnormally shaped, and disordered mitochondria along the midpiece of the sperm flagellum
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• only 3% of motile sperm exhibit progression
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• only 17% of sperm are motile compared to 70% in controls
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respiratory system
• reduction in numbers of ciliated cells
• however, cilia have a normal 9+2 structural arrangement and normal ciliary movement is seen
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muscle
• skeletal muscle contains unusually shaped mitochondria, with both variably enlarged sizes and extended intermyofibrillar growth
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• respiratory chain activity is abnormal is skeletal muscle, showing reductions in the activity of succinate-cytochrome c reductase, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, and NADH oxidase
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cellular
• 68% of epididymal sperm show structural aberrations with loss of axonemal doublet no. 7 and its associated outer dense fiber
• less frequently, flagella lack half of the axonemal doublets, with ectopically placed doublets and partial axonemal duplications
• flagella anomalies are rare in testicular sperm cells
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• spermatids in the testes show enlarged, abnormally shaped, and disordered mitochondria along the midpiece of the sperm flagellum
|
• skeletal muscle contains unusually shaped mitochondria, with both variably enlarged sizes and extended intermyofibrillar growth
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• only 3% of motile sperm exhibit progression
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• only 17% of sperm are motile compared to 70% in controls
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• respiratory chain activity is abnormal is skeletal muscle, showing reductions in the activity of succinate-cytochrome c reductase, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, and NADH oxidase
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nervous system
• hippocampal slices show a significant reduction in paired-pulse facilitation when the two depolarizations are within 100 ms of each other
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behavior/neurological
• mutants exhibit reduced contextual freezing behavior when introduced to the training context 24 hours following training, indicating impaired contextual fear conditioning
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• mutants exhibit reduced freezing behavior in response to an auditory cue in a novel context
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