Phenotypes associated with this allele

• Allele Symbol: Lat^tm1.1Mal
• Allele Name: targeted mutation 1.1, Bernard Malissen
• Allele ID: MGI:2182312
• Summary: 9 genotypes

Jump to	Allelic Composition	Genetic Background	Genotype ID
hm1	Lat^tm1.1Mal/Lat^tm1.1Mal	involves: 129S2/SvPas	MGI:2385971
hm2	Lat^tm1.1Mal/Lat^tm1.1Mal	involves: 129S2/SvPas * C57BL/6	MGI:3807551
cn3	Lat^tm1.1Mal/Lat^tm6.1(HBEGF/EGFP)Mal	involves: 129S2/SvPas * C57BL/6	MGI:4357972
cx4	B2m^tm1Unc/B2m^tm1Unc Lat^tm1.1Mal/Lat^tm1.1Mal	involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * 129S2/SvPas	MGI:3770643
cx5	B2m^tm1Unc/B2m^tm1Unc H2-Ab1^b-tm1Doi/H2-Ab1^b-tm1Doi Lat^tm1.1Mal/Lat^tm1.1Mal	involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * 129S2/SvPas	MGI:3770644
cx6	Lat^tm1.1Mal/Lat^tm1.1Mal Rag1^tm1Bal/Rag1^tm1Bal	involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae	MGI:3770649
cx7	Cd3e^tm1Mal/Cd3e^tm1Mal Lat^tm1.1Mal/Lat^tm1.1Mal	involves: 129S2/SvPas * C57BL/6	MGI:3770646
cx8	Foxp3^tm1.1Mal/Foxp3^tm1.1Mal Lat^tm1.1Mal/Lat^tm1.1Mal	involves: 129S2/SvPas * C57BL/6	MGI:3807552
cx9	Il4^tm1Lky/Il4^+ Lat^tm1.1Mal/Lat^tm1.1Mal	involves: 129S2/SvPas * C57BL/6	MGI:4357974

Genotype
MGI:2385971

hm1

• Allelic Composition: Lat^tm1.1Mal/Lat^tm1.1Mal
• Genetic Background: involves: 129S2/SvPas

• ♀: phenotype observed in females
• ♂: phenotype observed in males
• N: normal phenotype

immune system

increased T cell proliferation ( J:77098 )

• 2.2-fold increase in number of proliferating CD4-positive T cells isolated from spleen and lymph nodes

increased susceptibility to autoimmune hemolytic anemia ( J:125722 )

• is present in some mice by 3 months of age

increased eosinophil cell number ( J:77098 )

• after 4 weeks, mice exhibit high levels of eosinophils

abnormal lymphocyte morphology ( J:77098 )

abnormal T cell selection ( J:77098 )

• severe but partial block in development of DN alpha-beta T cells into DP T cells

decreased double-positive T cell number ( J:77098 )

• the number of double positive cells decrease after birth and are almost undetectable by 7 weeks of age

abnormal gamma-delta T cell differentiation ( J:77098 )

• gamma-delta T cell development is unaffected in these mice

increased B cell number ( J:77098 )

• at 6 weeks, the number of B cells in secondary lymphoid organs is increased 7 to 10 times compared to wild-type

• B cells in enlarged secondary lymphoid organs exhibit 25% hyperactivated phenotype, 50% antibody-producing phenotype and 25% a resting phenotype

increased plasma cell number ( J:125722 )

• 500-fold increase in plasma cells in the spleen and lymph nodes of 6 week old mice

• 5% of total lymph node cells are plasma cells by 6 weeks of age

abnormal T cell subpopulation ratio ( J:77098 )

• the ratio of CD4 to CD8 cells is skewed towards CD4 cells

• the ratio of single positive T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs is bias towards CD4+ cells and this population expands over time

increased CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell number ( J:77098 , J:125722 )

• the number of CD4+ cells increases due to increased proliferation and extended survival (J:77098)

• are first observed in secondary lymph nodes at 4 weeks of age (J:125722)

increased T-helper 2 cell number ( J:77098 )

• during the first weeks of life, mice develop a Th2 lymphoproliferative disorder

increased memory T cell number ( J:77098 )

• the majority of T cells found in the periphery have cell surface markers of memory T cells (low TCR expression, CD44-high, CD62L-low, CD69-positive)

abnormal B cell activation ( J:77098 )

• 25% of B cells from secondary lymphoid organs have cell surface markers indicative of a hyperactive state

• an additional 50% of B cells are activated compared to B cells from wild-type mice that almost exclusively in a resting state

abnormal T-helper 2 physiology ( J:125722 )

• wild-type B cells secrete abnormally high amounts of IgG1 when cultured with mutant CD4 T cells

• this effect is dependent on IL-4

abnormal immune system organ morphology ( J:77098 )

thymus hypoplasia ( J:77098 )

• thymus cellularity is one tenth of wild-type

enlarged spleen ( J:77098 )

• spleen and lymph nodes start to enlarge at 7 weeks of age

increased spleen weight ( J:262891 )

• spleen weight becomes higher after 6 weeks of age

spleen hyperplasia ( J:77098 )

• spleen cellularity is increased 5 times compared to in wild-type mice

increased spleen germinal center number ( J:125722 )

• germinal centers form in every B cell follicle starting at 4 weeks of age

abnormal spleen periarteriolar lymphoid sheath morphology ( J:125722 )

• are pale and have accumulations of plasma and immunoblast cells

abnormal lymph node secondary follicle morphology ( J:125722 )

• architecture of lymph node follicles becomes disrupted by 3 months of age due to large number of activated B cells

abnormal lymph node germinal center morphology ( J:125722 )

• germinal centers form in every B cell follicle starting at 4 weeks of age

enlarged lymph nodes ( J:77098 )

• spleen and lymph nodes start to enlarge at 7 weeks of age

abnormal immune serum protein physiology ( J:77098 )

increased IgE level ( J:77098 , J:125722 )

• up to 10,000 times wild-type (J:77098)

• adult mice have serum levels of IgE that are 10,000 times greater than normal (J:125722)

• antibodies are polyclonal (J:125722)

increased IgG1 level ( J:77098 , J:125722 , J:262891 )

• up to 200 times wild-type (J:77098)

• adult mice have serum levels that are 200 times greater than normal (J:125722)

• antibodies are polyclonal (J:125722)

• serum IgG1 levels remain elevated in mice treated with corticosteroid at 4 or 7-8 weeks of age (J:262891)

increased IgM level ( J:125722 )

• 6-fold greater levels in the sera of adult mice

increased interferon-gamma secretion ( J:77098 )

• 5.4% of CD4 T cells from lymph node produce INF-gamma upon stimulation as compared to 0.3% of CD4 T cells from wild-type mice

increased interleukin-4 secretion ( J:77098 )

• 79.2% of CD4 T cells from lymph node produce IL-4 upon stimulation as compared to 0.3% of CD4 T cells from wild-type mice

increased anti-erythrocyte antigen antibody level ( J:125722 )

• detectable at 2 weeks of age

• levels increase with age

increased anti-nuclear antigen antibody level ( J:125722 )

• detectable at 2 weeks of age

• 17-fold greater concentrations than wild-type mice in adult mice

increased anti-chromatin antibody level ( J:125722 )

• detectable at 2 weeks of age

• 100-fold greater concentrations than wild-type mice in adult mice

chronic inflammation ( J:77098 )

• the lung, liver, and kidney have prominent lymphocytic infiltrations

increased inflammatory response ( J:262891 )

• all mice exhibit organ inflammatory lesions with infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells starting from 6 weeks of age

• infiltrations of plasma cells, CD4+ T cells, and macrophages into the inflammatory lesions

• infiltrating plasma cells express IgG, predominantly IgG1

• mice treated with corticosteroid at 4 weeks of age up to 6 weeks of age show inhibition of the development of lesions in the salivary glands and pancreas, but not in the kidneys

• mice treated with corticosteroid from 7-8 weeks of age when they already have inflammatory lesions to 9-10 weeks of age, show lowered inflammation

phlebitis ( J:262891 )

• mice develop phlebitis, with vascular lesions in the pancreas of 10% and 11.1% of 10 and 20 week old mice and obliterating phlebitis in lungs of 70% and 77.8% of 10 and 20 week old mice, respectively

salivary gland inflammation ( J:262891 )

• multiple inflammatory lesions are seen around the ducts in the salivary glands

pancreas inflammation ( J:262891 )

• multiple inflammatory lesions are seen in the pancreas, and around the arteries and veins in the pancreas

liver inflammation ( J:125722 )

• lymphoid infiltrates consisting of small lymphoid cells, plasma cells, and large immunoblasts are found in the portal spaces of the liver

kidney inflammation ( J:262891 )

• inflammatory lesions are seen in the interstitium and around arteries and veins in the cortex and medulla of the kidney

glomerulonephritis ( J:125722 )

• occurs in 60% of mice by 3 months of age

• is characterized by glomerular lesions and tubular cast formation

lung inflammation ( J:125722 )

• dense bronchiovascular lymphoid infiltrates consisting of small lymphoid cells, plasma cells, and large immunoblasts

cardiovascular system

phlebitis ( J:262891 )

• mice develop phlebitis, with vascular lesions in the pancreas of 10% and 11.1% of 10 and 20 week old mice and obliterating phlebitis in lungs of 70% and 77.8% of 10 and 20 week old mice, respectively

homeostasis/metabolism

increased blood urea nitrogen level ( J:125722 )

• 80 ug/ml of urea detected in mice by 3 months of age

albuminuria ( J:125722 )

• develops in 60% of mice by three months of age

• albumin levels are over 1mg/ml in some mice

cellular

increased T cell proliferation ( J:77098 )

• 2.2-fold increase in number of proliferating CD4-positive T cells isolated from spleen and lymph nodes

digestive/alimentary system

abnormal salivary gland morphology ( J:262891 )

• mice develop massive fibrotic lesions in salivary glands

• fibrosis occurs in areas close to inflammatory lesions associated with the infiltration of lymphoplasmacytic cells

salivary gland inflammation ( J:262891 )

• multiple inflammatory lesions are seen around the ducts in the salivary glands

renal/urinary system

albuminuria ( J:125722 )

• develops in 60% of mice by three months of age

• albumin levels are over 1mg/ml in some mice

kidney inflammation ( J:262891 )

• inflammatory lesions are seen in the interstitium and around arteries and veins in the cortex and medulla of the kidney

glomerulonephritis ( J:125722 )

• occurs in 60% of mice by 3 months of age

• is characterized by glomerular lesions and tubular cast formation

renal glomerular immunoglobulin deposits ( J:125722 )

• deposits of IgE in the are observed in glomerular capillary wall

renal fibrosis ( J:262891 )

• mice develop massive fibrotic lesions in the kidneys

• fibrosis occurs in areas close to inflammatory lesions associated with the infiltration of lymphoplasmacytic cells

growth/size/body

decreased body weight ( J:262891 )

• body weight becomes lower after 16 weeks of age

enlarged spleen ( J:77098 )

• spleen and lymph nodes start to enlarge at 7 weeks of age

increased spleen weight ( J:262891 )

• spleen weight becomes higher after 6 weeks of age

spleen hyperplasia ( J:77098 )

• spleen cellularity is increased 5 times compared to in wild-type mice

liver/biliary system

liver inflammation ( J:125722 )

• lymphoid infiltrates consisting of small lymphoid cells, plasma cells, and large immunoblasts are found in the portal spaces of the liver

respiratory system

lung inflammation ( J:125722 )

• dense bronchiovascular lymphoid infiltrates consisting of small lymphoid cells, plasma cells, and large immunoblasts

endocrine/exocrine glands

abnormal salivary gland morphology ( J:262891 )

• mice develop massive fibrotic lesions in salivary glands

• fibrosis occurs in areas close to inflammatory lesions associated with the infiltration of lymphoplasmacytic cells

salivary gland inflammation ( J:262891 )

• multiple inflammatory lesions are seen around the ducts in the salivary glands

thymus hypoplasia ( J:77098 )

• thymus cellularity is one tenth of wild-type

pancreas fibrosis ( J:262891 )

• mice develop massive fibrotic lesions in the pancreas

• fibrosis occurs in areas close to inflammatory lesions associated with the infiltration of lymphoplasmacytic cells

• however, storiform fibrosis is not seen

pancreas inflammation ( J:262891 )

• multiple inflammatory lesions are seen in the pancreas, and around the arteries and veins in the pancreas

hematopoietic system

increased T cell proliferation ( J:77098 )

• 2.2-fold increase in number of proliferating CD4-positive T cells isolated from spleen and lymph nodes

thymus hypoplasia ( J:77098 )

• thymus cellularity is one tenth of wild-type

enlarged spleen ( J:77098 )

• spleen and lymph nodes start to enlarge at 7 weeks of age

increased spleen weight ( J:262891 )

• spleen weight becomes higher after 6 weeks of age

spleen hyperplasia ( J:77098 )

• spleen cellularity is increased 5 times compared to in wild-type mice

increased susceptibility to autoimmune hemolytic anemia ( J:125722 )

• is present in some mice by 3 months of age

increased eosinophil cell number ( J:77098 )

• after 4 weeks, mice exhibit high levels of eosinophils

abnormal lymphocyte morphology ( J:77098 )

abnormal T cell selection ( J:77098 )

• severe but partial block in development of DN alpha-beta T cells into DP T cells

decreased double-positive T cell number ( J:77098 )

• the number of double positive cells decrease after birth and are almost undetectable by 7 weeks of age

abnormal gamma-delta T cell differentiation ( J:77098 )

• gamma-delta T cell development is unaffected in these mice

increased B cell number ( J:77098 )

• at 6 weeks, the number of B cells in secondary lymphoid organs is increased 7 to 10 times compared to wild-type

• B cells in enlarged secondary lymphoid organs exhibit 25% hyperactivated phenotype, 50% antibody-producing phenotype and 25% a resting phenotype

increased plasma cell number ( J:125722 )

• 500-fold increase in plasma cells in the spleen and lymph nodes of 6 week old mice

• 5% of total lymph node cells are plasma cells by 6 weeks of age

abnormal T cell subpopulation ratio ( J:77098 )

• the ratio of CD4 to CD8 cells is skewed towards CD4 cells

• the ratio of single positive T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs is bias towards CD4+ cells and this population expands over time

increased CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell number ( J:77098 , J:125722 )

• the number of CD4+ cells increases due to increased proliferation and extended survival (J:77098)

• are first observed in secondary lymph nodes at 4 weeks of age (J:125722)

increased T-helper 2 cell number ( J:77098 )

• during the first weeks of life, mice develop a Th2 lymphoproliferative disorder

increased memory T cell number ( J:77098 )

• the majority of T cells found in the periphery have cell surface markers of memory T cells (low TCR expression, CD44-high, CD62L-low, CD69-positive)

increased spleen germinal center number ( J:125722 )

• germinal centers form in every B cell follicle starting at 4 weeks of age

abnormal spleen periarteriolar lymphoid sheath morphology ( J:125722 )

• are pale and have accumulations of plasma and immunoblast cells

abnormal B cell activation ( J:77098 )

• 25% of B cells from secondary lymphoid organs have cell surface markers indicative of a hyperactive state

• an additional 50% of B cells are activated compared to B cells from wild-type mice that almost exclusively in a resting state

increased IgE level ( J:77098 , J:125722 )

• up to 10,000 times wild-type (J:77098)

• adult mice have serum levels of IgE that are 10,000 times greater than normal (J:125722)

• antibodies are polyclonal (J:125722)

increased IgG1 level ( J:77098 , J:125722 , J:262891 )

• up to 200 times wild-type (J:77098)

• adult mice have serum levels that are 200 times greater than normal (J:125722)

• antibodies are polyclonal (J:125722)

• serum IgG1 levels remain elevated in mice treated with corticosteroid at 4 or 7-8 weeks of age (J:262891)

increased IgM level ( J:125722 )

• 6-fold greater levels in the sera of adult mice

abnormal T-helper 2 physiology ( J:125722 )

• wild-type B cells secrete abnormally high amounts of IgG1 when cultured with mutant CD4 T cells

• this effect is dependent on IL-4

Mouse Models of Human Disease		DO ID	OMIM ID(s)	Ref(s)
IgG4-related disease		DOID:0080356		J:262891

Genotype
MGI:3807551

hm2

• Allelic Composition: Lat^tm1.1Mal/Lat^tm1.1Mal
• Genetic Background: involves: 129S2/SvPas * C57BL/6

immune system

abnormal T cell proliferation ( J:131351 )

• CD4 T cells from these mice transferred into T cell deficient hosts initially proliferate slowly but continue proliferating unabated until abnormally high numbers of T cells are found

• 8 weeks after transfer, 13-fold higher number of T cells are found compared to controls that received wild-type CD4 T cells

• this proliferation is not Class II-restricted as mutant T cells also expand greatly in Class II deficient hosts

• proliferation of mutant CD4 T cells transferred to immunodeficient hosts is dependent on IL-7

• wild-type regulatory T cells are able to limit proliferation of mutant CD4 T cells in immunodeficient hosts

abnormal T-helper 2 physiology ( J:131351 )

• CD4 T cells from these mice transferred into T cell deficient hosts cause a massive resident B cell response with IgG1 and IgE hypergammaglobulinemia resulting 8 weeks after transfer

• serum levels of IgG1 and IgE reach concentrations that are 84-fold and 8460-fold higher, respectively, compared with T cell deficient mice that receive wild-type CD4 T cells

hematopoietic system

abnormal T cell proliferation ( J:131351 )

• CD4 T cells from these mice transferred into T cell deficient hosts initially proliferate slowly but continue proliferating unabated until abnormally high numbers of T cells are found

• 8 weeks after transfer, 13-fold higher number of T cells are found compared to controls that received wild-type CD4 T cells

• this proliferation is not Class II-restricted as mutant T cells also expand greatly in Class II deficient hosts

• proliferation of mutant CD4 T cells transferred to immunodeficient hosts is dependent on IL-7

• wild-type regulatory T cells are able to limit proliferation of mutant CD4 T cells in immunodeficient hosts

abnormal T-helper 2 physiology ( J:131351 )

• CD4 T cells from these mice transferred into T cell deficient hosts cause a massive resident B cell response with IgG1 and IgE hypergammaglobulinemia resulting 8 weeks after transfer

• serum levels of IgG1 and IgE reach concentrations that are 84-fold and 8460-fold higher, respectively, compared with T cell deficient mice that receive wild-type CD4 T cells

cellular

abnormal T cell proliferation ( J:131351 )

• CD4 T cells from these mice transferred into T cell deficient hosts initially proliferate slowly but continue proliferating unabated until abnormally high numbers of T cells are found

• 8 weeks after transfer, 13-fold higher number of T cells are found compared to controls that received wild-type CD4 T cells

• this proliferation is not Class II-restricted as mutant T cells also expand greatly in Class II deficient hosts

• proliferation of mutant CD4 T cells transferred to immunodeficient hosts is dependent on IL-7

• wild-type regulatory T cells are able to limit proliferation of mutant CD4 T cells in immunodeficient hosts

Genotype
MGI:4357972

cn3

• Allelic Composition: Lat^tm1.1Mal/Lat^{tm6.1(HBEGF/EGFP)Mal}
• Genetic Background: involves: 129S2/SvPas * C57BL/6

immune system

abnormal T-helper 2 physiology ( J:151840 )

• CD4⁺ T cells were first transfected with a cre recombinase vector and then treated with dipthera toxin so that surviving T cells only expressed the mutant Lat^tm1Mal allele

• when activated and transferred into T cell deficient hosts, these T cells cause splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and secrete high levels of IL-4

• these abnormal T cells promote B cell activation in their hosts leading to high levels of IgG1 and IgE

• T cells are not pathogenic when transferred into MHC-II deficient hosts or in the absence of CD28 signalling

hematopoietic system

abnormal T-helper 2 physiology ( J:151840 )

• CD4⁺ T cells were first transfected with a cre recombinase vector and then treated with dipthera toxin so that surviving T cells only expressed the mutant Lat^tm1Mal allele

• when activated and transferred into T cell deficient hosts, these T cells cause splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and secrete high levels of IL-4

• these abnormal T cells promote B cell activation in their hosts leading to high levels of IgG1 and IgE

• T cells are not pathogenic when transferred into MHC-II deficient hosts or in the absence of CD28 signalling

Genotype
MGI:3770643

cx4

• Allelic Composition: B2m^tm1Unc/B2m^tm1Unc; Lat^tm1.1Mal/Lat^tm1.1Mal
• Genetic Background: involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * 129S2/SvPas

immune system

abnormal immune system morphology ( J:77098 )

• same phenotype as Lat^tm1Mal homozygotes

Genotype
MGI:3770644

cx5

• Allelic Composition: B2m^tm1Unc/B2m^tm1Unc; H2-Ab1^b-tm1Doi/H2-Ab1^b-tm1Doi; Lat^tm1.1Mal/Lat^tm1.1Mal
• Genetic Background: involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * 129S2/SvPas

immune system

immune system phenotype ( J:77098 )

N • pathological inflammatory phenotype of Lat^tm1Mal homozygotes is absent in these mice

absent CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cells ( J:77098 )

• in both the thymus and spleen

absent CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells ( J:77098 )

• in both the thymus and spleen

hematopoietic system

absent CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cells ( J:77098 )

• in both the thymus and spleen

absent CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells ( J:77098 )

• in both the thymus and spleen

Genotype
MGI:3770649

cx6

• Allelic Composition: Lat^tm1.1Mal/Lat^tm1.1Mal; Rag1^tm1Bal/Rag1^tm1Bal
• Genetic Background: involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae

hematopoietic system

decreased platelet aggregation ( J:125744 )

• platelets do not aggregate in response to low doses of a snake venom clotting agonist or collagen

• however, platelets do aggregate in response to low doses of thrombin

abnormal platelet dense granule physiology ( J:125744 )

• platelet-dense granule secretion is absent in response to low doses of the clotting agonist

homeostasis/metabolism

decreased platelet aggregation ( J:125744 )

• platelets do not aggregate in response to low doses of a snake venom clotting agonist or collagen

• however, platelets do aggregate in response to low doses of thrombin

abnormal platelet dense granule physiology ( J:125744 )

• platelet-dense granule secretion is absent in response to low doses of the clotting agonist

Genotype
MGI:3770646

cx7

• Allelic Composition: Cd3e^tm1Mal/Cd3e^tm1Mal; Lat^tm1.1Mal/Lat^tm1.1Mal
• Genetic Background: involves: 129S2/SvPas * C57BL/6

immune system

immune system phenotype ( J:77098 )

N • pathological B cells of Lat^tm1Mal homozygotes are absent in these mice

arrested T cell differentiation ( J:77098 )

• T cells are arrested at the double negative stage

absent CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cells ( J:77098 )

• in both the thymus and spleen

absent CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells ( J:77098 )

• in both the thymus and spleen

hematopoietic system

arrested T cell differentiation ( J:77098 )

• T cells are arrested at the double negative stage

absent CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cells ( J:77098 )

• in both the thymus and spleen

absent CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells ( J:77098 )

• in both the thymus and spleen

Genotype
MGI:3807552

cx8

• Allelic Composition: Foxp3^tm1.1Mal/Foxp3^tm1.1Mal; Lat^tm1.1Mal/Lat^tm1.1Mal
• Genetic Background: involves: 129S2/SvPas * C57BL/6

immune system

thymus hypoplasia ( J:131351 )

♀ • thymus size is reduced by 2.6-fold compared to controls

decreased regulatory T cell number ( J:131351 )

♀ • absolute numbers Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells are reduced by 1.5 fold in the spleen and 3 fold in the thymus

♀ • these regulatory T cells also have reduced or no expression of CD25

abnormal regulatory T cell physiology ( J:131351 )

♀ • Foxp3⁺ CD4⁺ regulatory T cells fail to suppress TCR-induced proliferation of wild-type CD4⁺ T cells

hematopoietic system

thymus hypoplasia ( J:131351 )

♀ • thymus size is reduced by 2.6-fold compared to controls

decreased regulatory T cell number ( J:131351 )

♀ • absolute numbers Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells are reduced by 1.5 fold in the spleen and 3 fold in the thymus

♀ • these regulatory T cells also have reduced or no expression of CD25

abnormal regulatory T cell physiology ( J:131351 )

♀ • Foxp3⁺ CD4⁺ regulatory T cells fail to suppress TCR-induced proliferation of wild-type CD4⁺ T cells

endocrine/exocrine glands

thymus hypoplasia ( J:131351 )

♀ • thymus size is reduced by 2.6-fold compared to controls

Genotype
MGI:4357974

cx9

• Allelic Composition: Il4^tm1Lky/Il4⁺; Lat^tm1.1Mal/Lat^tm1.1Mal
• Genetic Background: involves: 129S2/SvPas * C57BL/6

immune system

abnormal T-helper 2 physiology ( J:151840 )

• the first CD4⁺ T cells that seed the periphery in newborn mice undergo rapid expansion and convert into pathogenic Th2 effector cells

hematopoietic system

abnormal T-helper 2 physiology ( J:151840 )

• the first CD4⁺ T cells that seed the periphery in newborn mice undergo rapid expansion and convert into pathogenic Th2 effector cells