cardiovascular system
• male (but not female) homozygotes display occasional focal disarray in the interventricular septum in the upper region of the heart, suggestive of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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• at 4 months, male (but not female) homozygotes show a 44% increase in the thickness of the interventricular septum relative to wild-type males
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• at post-mortem, adult male homozygotes display increased heart weights (30%) and heart weight/body weight ratios (29%) relative to wild-type males, whereas female homozygotes exhibit normal heart weights relative to wild-type females
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• at 4 months, male (but not female) homozygotes exhibit a significant increase in cardiac mass relative to age- and strain-matched wild-type males, despite equivalent alterations in calcium-induced calcium release and Ca2+ sparks in males and females
• notably, female homozygotes treated with tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor antagonist, develop cardiac hypertrophy similar to that of male homozygotes
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• at 4 months, male homozygotes show a 32% increase in the left ventricular mass/body weight ratio, whereas the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter remains unchanged
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• at 4 months, male (but not female) homozygotes show a 22% increase in the thickness of the left ventricular posterior wall relative to wild-type males
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• mutant ventricular myocytes display a significantly greater shortening relative to wild-type myocytes (21.0 0.7% vs 10.2 3.0%, respectively), indicating an increase in the net cytosolic Ca2+ load during excitation-contraction coupling
• notably, male and female homozygotes exhibit similar dysregulation of Ca2+ release, seen as increases in the amplitude, size and duration of Ca2+ sparks and calcium-induced calcium release gain
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hypertension
(
J:75646
)
• at 16-18 weeks of age, male homozygotes exhibit hypertension; in contrast, age-matched female homozygotes are not hypertensive
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• at 16-18 weeks of age, male homozygotes display increased diastolic pressures relative to wild-type males (111.3 2.7 vs 92.6 4.1 mmHg, respectively)
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• at 16-18 weeks of age, male homozygotes display increased systolic pressures relative to wild-type males (145.1 5.0 vs 124.7 5.4 mmHg, respectively)
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growth/size/body
• at post-mortem, adult male homozygotes display increased heart weights (30%) and heart weight/body weight ratios (29%) relative to wild-type males, whereas female homozygotes exhibit normal heart weights relative to wild-type females
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• at 4 months, male (but not female) homozygotes exhibit a significant increase in cardiac mass relative to age- and strain-matched wild-type males, despite equivalent alterations in calcium-induced calcium release and Ca2+ sparks in males and females
• notably, female homozygotes treated with tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor antagonist, develop cardiac hypertrophy similar to that of male homozygotes
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