neoplasm
• fewer skin tumors developed after DMBA initiation followed by TPA promotion compared to wild-type controls
• few tumors that did result grew much more slowly than similarly produced tumors in wild-type controls
• fewer skin tumors developed after DMBA treatment alone
• few tumors that did result grew at same rate as similarly produced tumors in wild-type controls
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• despite fewer tumors, those that developed had proportionally increased progression to malignancy
• were severely dysplastic papillomas, showing carcinoma in situ and/or focal invasion or were squamous cell carcinoma
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• tumors that did develop progressed to malignancy, showing carcinoma in situ and/or focal invasion or were squamous cell carcinoma
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cellular
• increased apoptosis at the basal layer of the epidermis during initiation with DMBA
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• at the basal layer of hyperplastic epidermis during tumor promotion
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homeostasis/metabolism
• fewer skin tumors developed after DMBA initiation followed by TPA promotion compared to wild-type controls
• few tumors that did result grew much more slowly than similarly produced tumors in wild-type controls
• fewer skin tumors developed after DMBA treatment alone
• few tumors that did result grew at same rate as similarly produced tumors in wild-type controls
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