endocrine/exocrine glands
• pancreatic beta cells are 30% smaller than in wild-type pancreas
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• beta cell mass is reduced by half
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• beta cell size is not reduced by rapamycin or nutrient starvation as seen in wild-type cells
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growth/size/body
• growth retardation is comparable to that observed on a mixed background
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homeostasis/metabolism
• 35% reduction of plasma insulin levels
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