Analysis Tools
mortality/aging
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• all homozygotes die between E10.5 and E11.5
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cardiovascular system
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• by E10.0, homozygotes display loss of branching intersomitic vessels
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• at E10.0, fetal blood vessels are detected in the labyrinthine layer of the mutant placenta; however, the diameter of vessel lumen is reduced
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• by E10.0, homozygotes show a disorganized vasculature characterized by poor remodeling, abnormal extensions (esp. in the head), and reduced vessel lumen size in the primary head veins and dorsal aorta
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• at E9.5, the endothelial lining of the dorsal aorta assumes a roughened morphology
• by E10.0, the vascular endothelial lining of the midline dorsal aorta appears discontinuous
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• by E10.0, homozygotes display reduced vascular branching in the head region, along with improper extensions and interconnections among small vessels and capillaries, and loss of branching intersomitic vessels
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• by E10.5, all homozygotes exhibit defects in vascular remodeling and organization in the embryo proper, yolk sacs, and placenta as shown by failure to form large vessels and branching vasculature
• defective angiogenesis is associated with a selective increase in the expression level of VEGF at E9.5
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• at E9.5, the endothelial lining of the dorsal aorta assumes a roughened morphology
• by E10.0, the vascular endothelial lining of the midline dorsal aorta appears discontinuous
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• at E10.0, mutant hearts display thinner myocardial walls, especially around the atrial chambers
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• at E10.0, the future left ventricle appears hypertrophic in relation to the bulbus cordis and the atrial chambers in some embryos
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• at E9.5, ~30% of homozygotes display a condensed/collapsed endocardium that is loosely attached to the outer myocardial walls
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small heart
(
J:80044
)
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• at E10.0, homozygotes often display hypotrophic and immature hearts, despite normal initial looping of the linear heart tube as well as normal left-right specification at E9.5
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• at E9.5, mutant hearts exhibit attenuated trabecular elaboration
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• at E10.0, the mutant bulbus cordis region (i.e. future right ventricle) appears particularly hypotrophic
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• at E10.5 or later, many homozygotes exhibit dilated pericardial sacs with occasional hemorrhages
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embryo
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• at E10.0, fetal blood vessels are detected in the labyrinthine layer of the mutant placenta; however, the diameter of vessel lumen is reduced
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• at E10.5 or later, all homozygotes display stunted growth, especially in the head and the lower trunk
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• starting at E9.5, some homozygotes appear significantly smaller than wild-type embryos
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pale yolk sac
(
J:80044
)
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• at E9.5 or later, mutant yolk sacs appear pale and smooth except for irregular, diffuse patches of red blood cells
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• at E9.5, mutant yolk sacs display thinner, interconnected blood vessels of uniform diameter despite normal vascularization up to E9.0
• by E10.5, organized vascular endothelial cells are virtually absent, leaving only a sinuous network of endothelial cells that resembles primitive plexus
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growth/size/body
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• at E10.0, the future left ventricle appears hypertrophic in relation to the bulbus cordis and the atrial chambers in some embryos
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• starting at E9.5, some homozygotes appear significantly smaller than wild-type embryos
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muscle
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• at E9.5, mutant hearts exhibit attenuated trabecular elaboration
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• at E10.0, mutant hearts display thinner myocardial walls, especially around the atrial chambers
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• at E10.0, the future left ventricle appears hypertrophic in relation to the bulbus cordis and the atrial chambers in some embryos
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integument
