mortality/aging
• most homozygotes die at the time of weaning, unless rescued with a dietary supplement; these animals lived for 6-10 months
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growth/size/body
• homozygotes weigh approximately half as much as controls
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reproductive system
• sperm counts on homozygous males are less than 0.5% of controls
• the epididymis contains mostly degenerating spermatids
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• appearance of symplasts was noted, along with defects in the differentiation of elongated spermatids and incomplete release of spermatozoa in tubules
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• although homozygous males of mating age exhibited normal mating behavior and could plug females, females did not become pregnant
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cellular
• sperm counts on homozygous males are less than 0.5% of controls
• the epididymis contains mostly degenerating spermatids
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