mortality/aging
• mutant mice die within several days after birth
|
growth/size/body
• 30% of mutants display left-right inversion of the atrium
|
• 19% of mutants display the stomach on the right side of the body
|
• mutant exhibit various left-right defects in the visceral organs, including the stomach
• both left and right lungs have four lobes (89%) or two or three lobes on the left side and four lobes on the right side (7%)
• the position of azygos vein, normally on the left side, is reversed (30%), bilateral (33%) or normal (37%)
• the position of the heart apex is reversed (toward the right; 37%), ambiguous (in the middle; 17%) or normal (toward the left; 46%)
• the relative positions of left and right renal veins are reversed (32%) or the two veins are located at the same level (27%)
• the atrium shows either right isomerism (26%) or left-right inversion (30%)
• the portal vein passes ventrally to the duodenum, instead of dorsally
|
• 26% of mutants display right atrial isomerism
|
• 89% of mutants exhibit right pulmonary isomerism, having four lobes on both sides
• 7% of mutants display partial right isomerism, having two or three lobes on the left side and four lobes on the right side
|
cardiovascular system
• the relative positions of left and right renal veins are reversed (32%) or the two veins are located at the same level (27%)
|
• the position of azygos vein, normally on the left side, is reversed (30%), bilateral (33%) or normal (37%)
|
• the portal vein passes ventrally to the duodenum, instead of dorsally
|
• 76% of mutants display double-outlet right ventricle
|
• 22% of mutants display transposition of the great arteries
|
• 73% of mutants exhibit atrial septal defects without valve defects
|
• the position of the heart apex is reversed (toward the right; 37%), ambiguous (in the middle; 17%) or normal (toward the left; 46%)
|
• 30% of mutants display left-right inversion of the atrium
|
• 26% of mutants display right atrial isomerism
|
dextrocardia
(
J:82311
)
• the position of the heart apex is often reversed (toward the right; 37%)
|
mesocardia
(
J:82311
)
• the position of the heart apex is sometimes ambiguous (in the middle; 17%)
|
• 24% of mutants display endocardial cushion defects (common atrioventricular valve plus atrial septal defects and ventricular septal defects)
|
• 61% of mutants display ventricular septal defects without valve defects
|
respiratory system
• 89% of mutants exhibit right pulmonary isomerism, having four lobes on both sides
• 7% of mutants display partial right isomerism, having two or three lobes on the left side and four lobes on the right side
|
digestive/alimentary system
• 19% of mutants display the stomach on the right side of the body
|
hematopoietic system
• 53% of mutants display hypoplasia of the spleen
|
renal/urinary system
• the relative positions of left and right renal veins are reversed (32%) or the two veins are located at the same level (27%)
|
immune system
• 53% of mutants display hypoplasia of the spleen
|