behavior/neurological
• mutants exhibit more freezing behavior than wild-type mice when returned to the same shock chamber 24 hours after the training for fear memory, indicating enhanced long-term memory for contextual fear conditioning
• however, no differences seen in the cued fear conditioning assay
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• mutants exhibit enhanced object recognition memory; at 24 hours, but not at 1 hour retention interval, mutants show increased preference for the novel object compared to wild-type mice
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• mutants show shorter escape latencies than wild-type mice in the Morris water maze test, indicating enhanced spatial learning
• enhanced spatial learning is also seen in the first probe test after the third day session, with mutants spending more time in the target quadrant than wild-type mice
• on the second probe test after the seventh day sessions, wild-type and mutants reach the same level of learning and memory
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nervous system
• hippocampal neurons exhibit a significant delay in clearance of elevated calcium following depolarization
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• mutants exhibit enhanced presynaptic short-term plasticity
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• frequency threshold for LTP and LTD in the hippocampal CA1 region is shifted to a lowered stimulus frequency
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• administration of a single tetanus at 100 Hz, 50 Hz, or 10 Hz elicits an enhanced LTP in the mutant compared to wild-type
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• in the presence of D-AP5 to block NMDA receptors, mutants exhibit a higher peak of post-tetanic potentiation in response to a single 100 Hz tetanus stimulation than wild-type
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• stimulation at 1 Hz induces a depression of synaptic transmission within 10 min in both 3-4 week old wild-type and mutant mice, however the depression is not maintained in the mutant and instead, potentiation is developed over time
• stimulations at 0.2 Hz produce long term depression in the mutant unlike in wild-type mice
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• paired-pulse facilitation is enhanced compared to wild-type at interpulse intervals below 100 ms
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