mortality/aging
• homozygotes develop normally until midgestation but die between E15.5 and E18.5
|
homeostasis/metabolism
• homozygotes appear bloated with extensive edema late in gestation
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cardiovascular system
• the aortic trunk is thinner than normal
|
• the endoluminal layer is surrounded by a poorly organized and dissociated tunica media
|
• at E16.5, elongated and burst capillaries are observed within the ventricular wall of the heart
|
• myocardial cell differentiation is disturbed, as suggested by cardiac marker expression analysis
|
• at E17.5, trabeculation of the inner ventricular wall is significantly elongated
|
• at E16.5, an abnormally thin myocardial layer is observed
|
• at E17.5, disruption of the intraventricular septum is frequently observed
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• at E16.5, the observed ventricular hypoplasia is not a result of increased cell death within the ventricular wall
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• at E16.5, the ventricular wall is very thin
|
hemorrhage
(
J:80766
)
• homozygotes display severe hemorrhage late in gestation
|
• at E15.5, homozygotes display hemorrhage in areas near the cardiac outflow tract
|
respiratory system
• homozygotes display impaired distal lung bud epithelium development, as suggested by the reduction of Id2 expression in the growing tip of the branching epithelium
|
• at E16.5, bronchiolar epithelium morphogenesis is normal but terminal bud epithelium appears degenerated
|
• at E17.5, lung alveoli are not fully expand
|
muscle
• myocardial cell differentiation is disturbed, as suggested by cardiac marker expression analysis
|
• at E17.5, trabeculation of the inner ventricular wall is significantly elongated
|
• at E16.5, an abnormally thin myocardial layer is observed
|
skeleton
• fusion defects of the sternum are observed in some instances
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• some skeletal bones exhibit delayed ossification
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cellular
• in vitro, MEFs derived from homozygous mutant mice display severely reduced TAK1 kinase activities and decreased sensitivity to TGF-beta stimulation
|