mortality/aging
• homozygous mutant embryos fail to survive beyond E4.5
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embryo
• all homozygotes fail to hatch out of their zona pellucida
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• most homozygotes display deterioration of a number of blastomeres at E2.5
• all remaining homozygotes display a relatively normal morphology up to E4.5, but appear grossly abnormal by E5.5
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• by E5.5, homozygotes exhibit gross cellular degeneration and failure to form a blastocoel cavity
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• by E5.5 and E6.5, all remaining homozygotes contain deteriorated inner cell masses
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• by E5.5 and E6.5, homozygotes contain giant cells rather than spreading trophoblast cells
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cellular
• at E3.5, homozygotes exhibit aberrant nuclear morphology, including micronuclei and some macronuclei
• at E4.5, mutant embryos contain micronuclei and aberrant macronuclei with bridging or lobular morphology, indicating incomplete nuclear fission
• by E5.5, homozygous embryos contain mostly macronuclei with prominent bridging and blebbing morphology
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• at E3.5, homozygous embryos contain only about half as many nuclei as heterozygous and wild-type embryos
• at E4.5, mutant embryos contain on average less than a third of the number of nuclei detected in heterozygous and wild-type embryos
• by E5.5, each homozygous embryo contains an average of only 13 nuclei whereas heterozygous and wild-type embryos each contain > 200 nuclei
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binucleate
(
J:86384
)
• at E4.5, mutant embryos contain binucleated or multinucleated cells
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• at E2.5, tubulin staining of mutant embryos reveals absence of identifiable intercellular midbodies
• by E4.5, mutant embryos show reduced microtubule networks and highly bundled microtubule spindle cords, indicating aberrant microtubule organization and/or cytokinesis
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• at E3.5, homozygous mutant embryos lack normal mitotic spindle structures
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