mortality/aging
• males began to die suddenly upon reaching reproductive age
• greater than 60% of males died between 15 and 40 weeks of age
• premature death was not observed in females
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adipose tissue
• increased total weight of gonadal, inguinal, mesenteric, and retroperitoneal fat pads
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• increased gonadal fat depot weight
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cardiovascular system
• sinus bradycardia observed in male mice just before and at the time of death
• no evidence of cardiac hypertrophy, congestive heart failure, or cardiomyopathy, suggesting the arrhythmia as the primary cause of death
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• complete AV block observed in male mice just before and at the time of death
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growth/size/body
• observed in both males and females
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• observed in both males and females
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• observed in both males and females
• normal serum levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin, and cholinesterase were normal, indicating impaired growth was not due to malnutrition
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limbs/digits/tail
skeleton
• reduced thickness of epiphyseal growth plate relative to wild-type
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• reduced bone mass due to impaired osteocyte maturation rather than increased osteoclast activity
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behavior/neurological
• exhibited obvious weakness relative to wild-type littermates
• histopathologic analysis of skeletal muslce and peripheral nerves did not reveal signs of dystrophy, atrophy, hypertrophy, or necrosis
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