mortality/aging
• homozygous mutant embryos do not survive past E13.5, putatively due to a placenta defect
• a significant reduction in embryonic viability is first noted at E11.5
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embryo
• at E12.5, homozygous mutant placentas show a significant reduction in cell number relative to wild-type and heterozygous controls
• a number of dead or dying cells are also observed
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• at E12.5, the labyrinth trophoblast layer appears disorganized
• however, the organization and number of trophoblast giant cells remain relatively normal
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