mortality/aging
• only ~5% of mutant mice are obtained at 2 weeks of age (i.e. ~20% of expected Mendelian ratio), with no differences in survival ratio after backcrossing to C57BL/6J or FVB for two generations
• all surviving mutants die before the age of 10 weeks
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• most mutant embryos die between E10.5 and E13.5
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cardiovascular system
• at 4 weeks of age, mutant cardiomyocytes exhibit swollen mitochondria with electron-dense bodies and disarrayed sarcomeres
• mitochondrial abnormalities precede any other subcellular changes in mutant hearts
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• mutant cardiomyocytes show decreased copy number of mitochondrial DNA
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• at E10.5, mutant embryos exhibit impaired trabecular formation
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• at 4 weeks of age, surviving mutants have an enlarged heart
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• at E10.5, mutant embryos display pericardial effusion
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• at 4 weeks, mutant hearts exhibit mild interstitial fibrosis
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• at 4 weeks of age, mutants display dilated ventricular chambers, impaired contractility and pressure volume loops suggestive of dilated cardiomyopathy
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• at 4 weeks of age, mutants display impaired ventricular contractility
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• at 4 weeks of age, surviving mutants exhibit features of congestive heart failure, i.e. enlarged hearts, pleural effusions and edematous connective tissues
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embryo
• most mutant embryos are growth retarded, with their heart size remaining similar to that of E10.5 control embryos
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cellular
• mutant cardiomyocytes show decreased copy number of mitochondrial DNA
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• at 4 weeks, mutant hearts exhibit mild interstitial fibrosis
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• at 4 weeks of age, mutant cardiomyocytes exhibit swollen mitochondria with electron-dense bodies
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• at 4 weeks of age, mutants exhibit a mosaic pattern of cardiomyocyte degeneration, with a significant increase in cardiomyocyte apoptosis
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• mutant cardiomyocytes show progressive respiratory chain deficiency
• as expected, all mitochondrial respiratory chain functions remain at normal levels in skeletal muscle
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growth/size/body
• at 4 weeks of age, surviving mutants have an enlarged heart
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• most mutant embryos are growth retarded, with their heart size remaining similar to that of E10.5 control embryos
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behavior/neurological
• at 3 weeks of age, mutant survivors exhibit reduced locomotor activity
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muscle
• at 4 weeks of age, mutant cardiomyocytes exhibit swollen mitochondria with electron-dense bodies and disarrayed sarcomeres
• mitochondrial abnormalities precede any other subcellular changes in mutant hearts
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• mutant cardiomyocytes show decreased copy number of mitochondrial DNA
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• at E10.5, mutant embryos exhibit impaired trabecular formation
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• at 4 weeks of age, mutants display dilated ventricular chambers, impaired contractility and pressure volume loops suggestive of dilated cardiomyopathy
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• at 4 weeks of age, mutants display impaired ventricular contractility
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• at 4 weeks of age, mutants exhibit a mosaic pattern of cardiomyocyte degeneration, with a significant increase in cardiomyocyte apoptosis
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• at 4 weeks of age, mutant cardiomyocytes display disarrayed sarcomeres
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homeostasis/metabolism
• at E10.5, mutant embryos display pericardial effusion
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