growth/size/body
• 24 month old homozygous mice had significantly lower body weights compared to wild-type mice
• at 4 months a small (~10%) decrease in body weight is seen in homozygous mutants compared to wild-type mice
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muscle
• no abnormalities in skeletal muscle morphology are seen in homozygous mice between 3 - 6 months of age
• at 4 months a decrease in the force produced per unit of muscle mass is seen in homozygous mutants compared to wild-type mice
• 24 month old homozygous mice an increased number of central nuclei, smaller fibers with smaller diameters, and a lower total number of fibers in and significant decrease in weight of the tibialis anterior muscle
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• at 4 months of age, mutant mice exhibit a small (~10%) decrease in the wet weight of the soleus muscle
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• in 4 month old mice 30 days following muscle crush injury of the soleus muscle the single twitch and tetanus force were significantly lower in homozygous mutants compared to wild-type mice indicating a delay in recovery
• reinnervation is also delayed by about 4 weeks in homozygous mutants compared to wild-type mice
• spontaneous and stimulated differentiation of cultured primary myogenic satellite cells is significantly decreased in cells from homozygous mutants compared to wild-type mice
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adipose tissue
• decrease in abdominal fat content and size
• however, mice are not significantly lighter than controls
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• cells from inguinal white adipose tissue display reduced differentiation in culture
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cellular
• cells from inguinal white adipose tissue display reduced differentiation in culture
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limbs/digits/tail
• at 4 months of age, mutant mice exhibit a small (~10%) decrease in the wet weight of the soleus muscle
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