cellular
• increased apoptosis in mesencephalon
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mortality/aging
• homozygotes born in normal numbers but die within 12 hours of birth
(J:46856)
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nervous system
• increased apoptosis in mesencephalon
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• dopaminergic neurons fail to develop
• late stage precursors of dopaminergic neurons fail to survive
• increased apoptosis in mesencephalon
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• complete loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area
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• complete loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area
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behavior/neurological
• unable to suckle
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• hypoactive at birth
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homeostasis/metabolism
• complete loss of dopamine from striatum but not other areas of the brain
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• norepinephrine levels reduced 30% in the striatum of homozygotes
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