mortality/aging
• reduced survival, 40% of mutants die by 4 weeks
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• frequency of double heterozygote births is less than expected
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behavior/neurological
• L-dopa-rescuable circling behavior observed at 3-4 weeks
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• epileptic spikes in cortex and hippocampus in 40% of mutants
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growth/size/body
• growth retardation
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nervous system
• impaired neurogenesis in hippocampus and lateral ventricle
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• enlargement developed at E17.5
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• enlargement developed at E17.5
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• progressive reduction of corpus callosum (absent in 15% of mice)
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• decrease in size of anterior thalamus, dorsal striatum and septum
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• cortex reduced posteriorly and medially
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• large lipidic inclusions and reduction in cilia
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• neuronal degeneration in striatum, septum and thalamus
• perinuclear inclusions abundant by 6 months of age
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• epileptic spikes in cortex and hippocampus in 40% of mutants
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muscle
cellular
• impaired neurogenesis in hippocampus and lateral ventricle
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