reproductive system
• homozygous sperm are unable to migrate from the uterus into the oviduct through the uterotubal junction
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• males are essentially sterile with only 1 litter with 2 pups produced after 24 homozygous males were mated with 61 heterozygous females
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• homozygous sperm displays a significant delay in the dispersal of cumulus cells and impaired binding to the zona pellucida during in vitro fertilization but is still able to fertilize cumulus-intact, zona-intact eggs normally
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• homozygous sperm show impaired binding to the zona pellucida during in vitro fertilization
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cellular
• homozygous sperm are unable to migrate from the uterus into the oviduct through the uterotubal junction
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