cellular
• motility is reduced to about 5% that of wild-type spermatozoa
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nervous system
• age dependend accumulation of spheroids, containing tubulovesicular membranes and ubiquinated protein, is found in some regions of the brain as early as 4 months of age and eventually spheroids are found throughout the neuropil in nearly all regions of the brain as well as areas of the peripheral nervous system, with spheroids developing in the superior mesenteric and celiac ganglia, the axon terminals innervating the carotid body, and the gracile and cuneate nuclei but not the superior cervical ganglion
• histology shows spheroids most abundant in striatum, cerebellum, and dorsal column nuclei at 4 months and with age spheroid density increases and distribution becomes more widespread to include nearly all cortical, subcortical, and brainstem regions and the spinal cord gray matter
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behavior/neurological
• increased spontaneous activity measured during 1 hour in a new environment with the greatest increase being within the first two 10 minute periods indicative of increased exploration behavior
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• at 4 months of age homozygotes perform normally in rotarod tests, but by 13 months of age they have diminished performance on stationary, constant speed, and accelarating speed conditions although improved performance across time shows some motor learning capabilities
• at 13 months of age homozygotes are impaired in their ability to remain on a narrow plexiglass ledge or small circular platform, take longer to turn and climb to the top of a 90 degree inclined screen, and remain upside down on an inverted screen for significantly less time than wildtype controls indicating reduced motor co-ordination and strength
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• although motor coordination in younger mice appears normal, after 12 months of age the gait becomes uncoordinated with an increased side-to-side body sway and increased difficulty in rearing and climbing
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reproductive system
• motility is reduced to about 5% that of wild-type spermatozoa
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• males but not females have reduced fertility, siring about 7% of the number of pups sired by wild-type males
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Mouse Models of Human Disease |
DO ID | OMIM ID(s) | Ref(s) | |
neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 2a | DOID:0110735 |
OMIM:256600 |
J:131429 |