mortality/aging
• between E13.5 and E15.5
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embryo
• small placentas
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growth/size/body
• mildly reduced body weight
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liver/biliary system
• liver structure loose with dissociated parenchymal cells
• increased levels of apoptosis at E12.5
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• liver weight reduced about 60%
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muscle
• myoblasts fail to migrate into limbs
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• 55% reduction in fetal myoblasts
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• severely reduced muscle mass in limbs, transverse sections of muscles reduced about 40%
• diaphragm muscle also reduced
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nervous system
• normal outgrowth of motor axons in the hindlimbs
• anterior nerves were defective in development
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cardiovascular system
cellular
• myoblasts fail to migrate into limbs
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