mortality/aging
• abundance of homozygotes at E3.5 is normal but few are found at E6.5 or E7.5
• the few implanted embryos are poorly organized, necrotic, and show little tissue differentiation
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embryo
• trophoblast stem cells show reduced proliferation and colony formation in culture
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• endodermal cell lines specified but either fail to proliferate or fail to survive
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• marked increase in apoptosis after 48 hours in culture
• hatch in culture at around 3 days with dramatically reduced cell numbers
• only a thin layer of epithelioid cells remain by day 5
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• trophectoderm cell lines are specified but either fail to proliferate or fail to survive
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reproductive system
• few implanted embryos
• embryos that do implant are poorly organized, necrotic, and lack tissue differentiation
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cellular
• trophoblast stem cells show reduced proliferation and colony formation in culture
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