endocrine/exocrine glands
• seminal glands of mutant males are diminished in weight
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• testes of mutant males are diminished in weight
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reproductive system
• numbers of spermatocytes and spermatogonial cells are depleted, as are those of spermatids in the testis lumen, and the epididymal sperm concentration is low
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• sperm of mutant males have abnormally formed heads and short or absent tails
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• motility of mutant sperm is variable
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• seminal glands of mutant males are diminished in weight
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• testes of mutant males are diminished in weight
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• sperm from mutant males yield very low success rates when used for in vitro fertilization
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homeostasis/metabolism
cellular
• numbers of spermatocytes and spermatogonial cells are depleted, as are those of spermatids in the testis lumen, and the epididymal sperm concentration is low
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• sperm of mutant males have abnormally formed heads and short or absent tails
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• motility of mutant sperm is variable
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