endocrine/exocrine glands
• low testis weight with morphological abnormalities of spermatogenic cells
|
reproductive system
• short or absent sperm tail
|
• short or absent sperm tail
|
• low epididymal sperm concentration
|
• abnormally shaped sperm heads; some abnormalities of spermatid head shape
|
• low epididymal sperm motility and no IVF success
|
• low testis weight with morphological abnormalities of spermatogenic cells
|
cellular
• short or absent sperm tail
|
• short or absent sperm tail
|
• low epididymal sperm concentration
|
• abnormally shaped sperm heads; some abnormalities of spermatid head shape
|
• low epididymal sperm motility and no IVF success
|