endocrine/exocrine glands
|
• low testis weight
|
reproductive system
|
• no sperm tails
|
|
• very low epididymal sperm concentration
|
|
• abnormally shaped sperm heads
|
|
• abnormal hammer-head shape of elongating spermatid heads
|
|
• low epididymal sperm motility and poor IVF success
|
|
• low testis weight
|
|
• poor IVF success
|
cellular
|
• no sperm tails
|
|
• very low epididymal sperm concentration
|
|
• abnormally shaped sperm heads
|
|
• abnormal hammer-head shape of elongating spermatid heads
|
|
• low epididymal sperm motility and poor IVF success
|