endocrine/exocrine glands
• low testis weight
|
reproductive system
• no sperm tails
|
• very low epididymal sperm concentration
|
• abnormally shaped sperm heads
|
• abnormal hammer-head shape of elongating spermatid heads
|
• low epididymal sperm motility and poor IVF success
|
• low testis weight
|
• poor IVF success
|
cellular
• no sperm tails
|
• very low epididymal sperm concentration
|
• abnormally shaped sperm heads
|
• abnormal hammer-head shape of elongating spermatid heads
|
• low epididymal sperm motility and poor IVF success
|